ABSTRACT
Pesticide surface water monitoring data have rarely been used as the only quantitative measure of exposure because the available monitoring data for most pesticides has not been considered robust enough for direct use in pesticide exposure assessments due to infrequent sampling. The cost of daily sample collection and analysis prohibits frequent sampling for most monitoring programs. In this context, a common question raised in assessments is how likely peak concentrations (i.e., annual maxima) may be missed if sampling intervals are longer than daily. The US Geological Survey developed the statistical model "seasonal wave with streamflow adjustment and extended capability" (SEAWAVE-QEX) to address the need to estimate infrequently occurring pesticide concentrations, such as annual maximum daily concentrations, for sites with nondaily monitoring data. This study compares the results of two postprocessing methods and evaluates the capability of SEAWAVE-QEX to estimate annual maximum concentrations of three commonly used herbicides and one metabolite in a catchment in Belgium. The study concludes that the appropriateness of using SEAWAVE-QEX to estimate annual maximum concentrations depends on pesticide characteristics and use and that the model can be particularly sensitive to nonflow correlated exposure events (e.g., point source contributions or drift). Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:513-526. © 2022 Stone Environmental and Bayer AG Crop Science Division. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
