ABSTRACT
The shoulder joint has a wide breadth of derangements that can occur with sports activity. Whether the mechanism of injury is acute or the sequela of repetitive microtrauma, recent advances in musculoskeletal imaging and the understanding of athletic shoulder trauma will hopefully steer the clinician and radiologist alike to the proper diagnosis. Injury is inevitable. When it occurs, the clinician cognizant of the current concepts and protocols in the imaging of shoulder injury will be better prepared to diagnose and subsequently treat these disorders.
Subject(s)
Athletic Injuries/diagnosis , Joint Instability/diagnosis , Shoulder Impingement Syndrome/diagnosis , Shoulder Injuries , Sports Medicine , Athletic Injuries/diagnostic imaging , Athletic Injuries/physiopathology , Humans , Joint Instability/diagnostic imaging , Joint Instability/physiopathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Rotator Cuff Injuries , Shoulder Impingement Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Shoulder Impingement Syndrome/physiopathology , Shoulder Joint/diagnostic imaging , Shoulder Joint/physiopathology , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
Numerous injuries and pathologic conditions can involve the hallucal sesamoidal complex and plantar capsular structures of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Although clinical history and presentation are important in developing a reasonable differential diagnosis, there is often considerable overlap in the clinical presentation and physical findings between various pathologic entities. Imaging plays an important role in narrowing the differential diagnosis and in directing appropriate therapy. This article reviews the normal anatomy of the hallucal sesamoidal complex and the plantar capsular structures of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Typical clinical presentations are discussed for various pathologic entities that involve this area of the hallux, followed by a summary of the various imaging findings that occur when using conventional radiography, nuclear medicine bone scan, CT and MR imaging. Finally, general treatment guidelines are discussed for each entity.
Subject(s)
Foot Diseases/diagnosis , Metatarsophalangeal Joint/diagnostic imaging , Metatarsophalangeal Joint/pathology , Pain/etiology , Sesamoid Bones/diagnostic imaging , Sesamoid Bones/pathology , Foot Diseases/complications , Hallux/diagnostic imaging , Hallux/injuries , Hallux/pathology , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Metatarsophalangeal Joint/injuries , Sesamoid Bones/injuries , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methodsABSTRACT
The term "ankle impingement" encompasses several distinct clinical entities resulting from entrapment of either an osseous or soft tissue structure. Three types of ankle impingement -- anterior, anterolateral, and posterior -- are well understood and have been described relatively well in the medical literature. Three additional categories of ankle impingement -- anteromedial, posteromedial, and syndesmotic -- are being recognized increasingly in the orthopedic community but have only scant references in the literature. The six types of ankle impingement are discussed separately, including a description of the typical clinical presentation, pertinent anatomy, pathophysiology, the role of imaging, and the various treatment options available.
