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1.
Nat Commun ; 10(1): 2035, 2019 05 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31048698

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans var. grubii) is an environmentally acquired pathogen causing 181,000 HIV-associated deaths each year. We sequenced 699 isolates, primarily C. neoformans from HIV-infected patients, from 5 countries in Asia and Africa. The phylogeny of C. neoformans reveals a recent exponential population expansion, consistent with the increase in the number of susceptible hosts. In our study population, this expansion has been driven by three sub-clades of the C. neoformans VNIa lineage; VNIa-4, VNIa-5 and VNIa-93. These three sub-clades account for 91% of clinical isolates sequenced in our study. Combining the genome data with clinical information, we find that the VNIa-93 sub-clade, the most common sub-clade in Uganda and Malawi, was associated with better outcomes than VNIa-4 and VNIa-5, which predominate in Southeast Asia. This study lays the foundation for further work investigating the dominance of VNIa-4, VNIa-5 and VNIa-93 and the association between lineage and clinical phenotype.


Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/microbiology , Cryptococcosis/microbiology , Cryptococcus neoformans/genetics , Genome, Fungal/genetics , Phylogeny , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Clinical Trials as Topic , Cryptococcosis/epidemiology , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolation & purification , Cryptococcus neoformans/pathogenicity , Humans , Incidence , Laos/epidemiology , Malawi/epidemiology , Thailand/epidemiology , Treatment Outcome , Uganda/epidemiology , Vietnam/epidemiology , Whole Genome Sequencing
3.
Sci Rep ; 7(1): 3031, 2017 06 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28596557

ABSTRACT

Melioidosis, a severe infection with the environmental bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is being recognised increasingly frequently. What determines its uneven distribution within endemic areas is poorly understood. We cultured soil from a rice field in Laos for B. pseudomallei at different depths on 4 occasions over a 13-month period. We also measured physical and chemical parameters in order to identify associated characteristics. Overall, 195 of 653 samples (29.7%) yielded B. pseudomallei. A higher prevalence of B. pseudomallei was found at soil depths greater than the 30 cm currently recommended for B. pseudomallei environmental sampling. B. pseudomallei was associated with a high soil water content and low total nitrogen, carbon and organic matter content. Our results suggested that a sampling grid of 25 five metre square quadrats (i.e. 25 × 25 m) should be sufficient to detect B. pseudomallei at a given location if samples are taken at a soil depth of at least 60 cm. However, culture of B. pseudomallei in environmental samples is difficult and liable to variation. Future studies should both rely on molecular approaches and address the micro-heterogeneity of soil when investigating physico-chemical associations with the presence of B. pseudomallei.


Subject(s)
Betaproteobacteria , Environmental Microbiology , Oryza , Soil Microbiology , Bacterial Load , Chemical Phenomena , Seasons , Soil/chemistry
4.
Epidemiol Infect ; 144(8): 1770-3, 2016 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26645633

ABSTRACT

Epidemiological data regarding group A streptococcal (GAS) infections in South East Asia are scarce with no information from Laos. We characterized emm types, emm clusters and the antibiotic resistance profile of 124 GAS isolates recovered in Laos during 2004-2013. Most strains were recovered from skin and invasive infections (76% and 19%, respectively). Thirty-four emm types were identified as belonging to 12 emm clusters and no novel emm types were identified. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of emm types or emm clusters according to age or site of recovery (skin or invasive infections). There was moderate strain diversity in this country but considerable differences in emm-type distribution between Laos, Thailand and Cambodia. Vaccine coverage was high for the J8 vaccine candidate. The theoretical coverage for the 30-valent vaccine candidate needs further investigation. Antibiotic resistance was moderate to erythromycin and chloramphenicol (8% and 7%, respectively) and low to ofloxacin (<1%).


Subject(s)
Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology , Streptococcal Infections/microbiology , Streptococcus pyogenes/classification , Streptococcus pyogenes/isolation & purification , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antigens, Bacterial/genetics , Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Child , Child, Preschool , Cluster Analysis , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Female , Genetic Variation , Genotype , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Laos/epidemiology , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Middle Aged , Molecular Epidemiology , Streptococcal Infections/prevention & control , Streptococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage , Streptococcus pyogenes/genetics , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Young Adult
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