ABSTRACT
Since first proposed as a new tool for gene targeting and genome editing, CRISPR technology has quickly advanced into the clinical stage. Initial studies highlight the potential for CRISPR-Cas9-mediated therapeutic approaches in human medicine to correct incurable genetic diseases and enhance cell-based therapeutic approaches. While acknowledging the opportunities this technology brings for the treatment of patients with severe diseases, timely development of these innovative medicinal products requires regulatory oversight and adaptation of regulatory requirements to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicinal products based on CRISPR technology. We briefly present the current regulatory framework applicable for CRISPR-Cas-based developments as advanced therapy medicinal products. Moreover, scientific- and regulatory-driven considerations relevant for advancing product development toward clinical trial applications in Germany are highlighted by discussing the key aspects of quality and nonclinical and clinical development requirements.
Subject(s)
CRISPR-Cas Systems , Gene Editing , CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics , Clinical Trials as Topic , Gene Targeting , HumansABSTRACT
Adoptive Tcell therapies are emerging tools to combat various human diseases. CART cells are approved and marketed as last line therapeutics in advanced Bcell lymphomas and leukemias. TCR-engineered T cells are being evaluated in clinical trials for a variety of hematological and solid tumors. Genetically modified regulatory T cells, however, are still in the initial stages of clinical development for the induction of immune tolerance in various indications.Here we outline the general role of regulatory T cells in establishing self-tolerance and the mechanisms by which these suppress the effector immune cells. Further, the role of regulatory T cells in the pathomechanism of certain immune diseases is presented, and the current status of clinical developments of genetically modified Treg cells is discussed. We also present the regulatory framework for genetically modified regulatory T cells as advanced therapy medicinal products, including aspects of manufacture and quality control, as well as nonclinical and clinical development requirements.
Subject(s)
Immunotherapy, Adoptive , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory , Germany , HumansABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is known to impair blood coagulation. The impact of calcium-containing, balanced carrier solutions of HES on coagulation is controversial. We investigated the effects of increasing degrees of haemodilution with modern 6%, electrolyte-balanced HES vs non-balanced HES on coagulation in vitro, and compared the balanced HES to a balanced crystalloid solution for an internal control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood samples from ten healthy volunteers were diluted in vitro by 20%, 40% and 60% with either calcium-containing balanced 130/0.42 HES, non-balanced 130/0.4 HES or balanced crystalloid. In all samples, blood counts, prothrombin time ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time, ionized calcium, factor VIII activity, von Willebrand factor antigen, von Willebrand factor collagen binding activity, and von Willebrand factor activity were determined, and activated rotational thromboelastometry (EXTEM and FIBTEM assays) was performed. RESULTS: Haemodilution impaired coagulation in a dilution-dependent manner as determined by both conventional laboratory assays and thromboelastometry. Ionized calcium increased with balanced HES (p≤0.004), but decreased with non-balanced HES (p≤0.004). Prothrombin time ratio (p≤0.002) and factor VIII levels (p=0.001) were better preserved with balanced HES than with non-balanced HES in dilutions ≥40%. Thromboelastometry showed no differences between values in blood diluted with the balanced or non-balanced HES. DISCUSSION: In vitro, a balanced calcium-containing carrier solution of 6% HES 130/0.42 preserved coagulation better than did non-balanced HES 130/0.4 as quantified by conventional coagulation assays, but not in activated thromboelastometry. One explanation could be the increased ionized calcium levels after dilution with calcium-containing carrier solutions.
