Elements of the water - food - environment nexus for integrated sustainability analysis.

Water and food security are constantly on the sustainable development agenda since they are interrelated with anthropogenic and ecosystemic issues present in the economic, environmental, and social spheres. The non-integrative management of these issues points to unsustainable futures. In this context, nexus approaches deserve considerable attention in the search for integrative management solutions capable of contributing to leveraging synergies that increase agricultural productivity, while simultaneously reducing environmental impacts, including water resources. This systematic literature review article aims to analyze the integration factors from the perspective of the water - food - environment nexus in the context of water and agricultural sustainability. The systematic methodology, including a content analysis, allowed the identification of analytical categories composed of the most present integrating factors and discussed in the scientific scope and how they are correlated from the perspective of the nexus. Among the extensive number of factors, the systemic management inserted in the integrated management of watersheds, the sustainable intensification from the perspective of food security and the demand for water resources, categorized in water security, presented higher frequency of occurrence when compared with the other factors. It is proposed that these factors can be considered as indicators of sustainability in the context of integrated water resources management and agricultural food production, since their synergistic effects have consequences in the water, agricultural and environmental management sectors. Thus, this study stands out for identifying trends and gaps in the water - food - environment nexus that can contribute to the development of innovative decision-making tools, in order to assist in the management of the watershed, where agriculture plays a key role in socio-environmental issues.

Sustainable development assessment from a capitals perspective: Analytical structure and indicator selection criteria.

Sustainable development assessment has been conducted considering its various dimensions, such as environmental, social, cultural and economic. In this paper, the representation of such dimensions is undertaken from the perspective of the natural, social and built capitals. These dimensions are usually represented by indicators, indexes and systems of indicators, but their abundance in the technical and scientific literatures without adequate analytical structures can impair assessment quality and speed. This study aimed to propose a structure for sustainable development assessment whereby key aspects and indicators can be identified, prioritised and meaningfully used from the perspective of sustainable development capitals. Content analysis of selected international papers and technical reports was undertaken to identify relevant analysis elements and their hierarchical order. This has led to a four-tier framework composed of three capitals, seven categories, 19 subcategories and 52 attributes, each of which can be measured with the aid of one or more locally relevant indicator(s) in the context of sustainable development assessment. Selection criteria for such indicators were compiled from the literature and are presented in terms of their political, management, data quality and economic relevance. This study may contribute to the development and refinement of structured sustainable development indicator systems with less analytical ambiguity, overlapping and gaps, and hence improve the representativeness of future assessment efforts.

Water sustainability assessment from the perspective of sustainable development capitals: Conceptual model and index based on literature review.

Decision-making associated with the promotion of water sustainability is subjected to uncertainties arising, on the one hand, from the current capacity of understanding socio-environmental systems and their temporality, complexity and multidimensionality; and, on the other hand, from the need to represent key aspects of these systems through data and information. Such a representation is often supported by indicators, indices and systems of indicators for relevant aspects of the problem and for a scenario under analysis. In this context, the main aim of this study was to develop a novel system of indicators for water sustainability assessment in river basins. Literature review and content analysis were used to define an analytical structure for the problem from the perspective of the natural, social and built capitals of related sustainable development assessment. Each capital has been hierarchically subdivided into categories, subcategories and attributes, leading to 54 aspects for water sustainability assessment. A list of indicators was compiled from the scientific and technical literature, linked to attributes, and associated with valuation ranges. This led to the proposition of the River Basin Water Sustainability Index (RBWSI) and sub-indices associated with categories and subcategories of the model. The timeframe and territorial scale relevant for assessment were defined as five-to-ten year periods and areas under the jurisdiction of river basin management committees, respectively. The new model and index thus proposed may be useful in water sustainability diagnostic and prognostic studies, such as required to assess the effectiveness of river basin management actions aimed at promoting sustainable development.

Index-based and compliance assessment of water quality for a Brazilian subtropical reservoir / Avaliação da qualidade da água baseada em índices e da conformidade ao enquadramento de um reservatório subtropical brasileiro

ABSTRACT The Passaúna catchment is part of the Upper Iguaçu watershed and includes a water supply reservoir for over 500,000 inhabitants of Curitiba metropolitan region. The aim of this study was to establish the state of reservoir water quality, and whether it has undergone any recent medium- and long-term variations. A physical-chemical-biological assessment was undertaken using nine indicators and three indexes: Water Quality Index (WQI), Trophic State Index (TSI) and Shannon-Weaver Index (H') for macroinvertebrate diversity. Compliance with the prescribed quality standards for the water body was verified using frequency curves. Two WQI calculation approaches were contrasted to test for conditions of partial data unavailability. Temporal trends in key parameters were assessed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. WQI results from 1991-2014 indicated that the water quality may be classified as good and improved in the final decade of such period, while most TSI results were in the oligotrophic/mesotrophic range, but with no significant temporal trend. The biodiversity result of H'=1.6 obtained with data acquired in 2014 indicated a moderately degraded ecosystem that is typically associated with flow regulation and a degree of water quality impairment. Such a multi-indicator integrated physical-chemical-biological monitoring approach comprised a robust framework for assessments of medium-long term aquatic health.

RESUMO A bacia do rio Passaúna situa-se na parte superior da Bacia do Rio Iguaçu e inclui um reservatório de águas de abastecimento público para mais de 500 mil habitantes da região metropolitana de Curitiba. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade das águas desse reservatório e identificar eventuais ocorrências de tendência temporal de variação. O estudo de características físicas, químicas e biológicas do corpo de água envolveu dados históricos e recém-adquiridos de nove indicadores e três índices: Índice de Qualidade das Águas (WQI), Índice de Estado Trófico (TSI) e Índice de Diversidade de Shannon-Weaver (H') para diversidade de macroinvertebrados. A conformidade aos padrões de qualidade prescritos foi analisada com base em curvas de permanência de qualidade de água. Duas formas de cálculo do WQI foram contrastadas para averiguar o efeito de disponibilidade incompleta de dados. Tendências temporais em parâmetros-chave foram buscadas com o teste de correlação de Spearman. Os resultados do WQI, entre 1991 e 2014, indicaram que a qualidade da água do reservatório pode ser classificada como "boa", apresentando tendência estatisticamente significativa de melhoria na última década de tal período. Os resultados obtidos para o TSI ficaram na faixa oligotrófico/mesotrófico e sem tendência significativa de variação temporal. O resultado de biodiversidade do H'=1,6, obtido com dados adquiridos em 2014, indicou um ecossistema aquático moderadamente degradado, tipicamente associado com o represamento de cursos de água e com um certo grau de comprometimento da qualidade da água. A abordagem integradora multi-indicadores de aspectos físicos, químicos e biológicos adotada neste estudo conferiu robustez à avaliação realizada da qualidade de água do corpo de água no médio-longo prazo.

Princípios protetor-recebedor e poluidor-pagador como instrumentos de incentivo à redução do consumo de água residencial no município de Curitiba (PR) / Protector-receiver and polluter-pays principles as incentive instruments to reduce residential water consumption in the city of Curitiba (Paraná, Brazil)

RESUMO Os problemas relacionados ao abastecimento de água têm sido amplamente discutidos em âmbito mundial. Essas dificuldades ocorrem por diversos motivos, por exemplo, como resultado do processo de urbanização, da gestão inapropriada dos recursos hídricos e da infraestrutura inadequada do sistema de abastecimento. Diante disso, o presente trabalho buscou, por meio do apontamento das aplicações dos princípios protetor-recebedor e usuário-poluidor-pagador, e da verificação da eficiência do sistema de cobrança de tarifas sobre o consumo de água, identificar as formas de atuação desses princípios na redução do consumo de água residencial no município de Curitiba. Para isso, procurou-se estabelecer a relação entre os valores cobrados e o volume consumido de água residencial mediante a análise de indicadores de consumo e de remuneração da população. Foram identificadas as aplicações do princípio protetor-recebedor na gestão de recursos hídricos e foi investigada a fundamentação do princípio usuário-poluidor-pagador, uma vez que esse princípio respalda a cobrança dos serviços de abastecimento público.

ABSTRACT Problems related to water supply have been widely discussed worldwide. These difficulties occur for many reasons, for example, as a result of the urbanization process, the inappropriate management of water resources and the inadequate supply system infrastructure. Therefore, this study aimed, through the appointment of applications of the protector-receiver and user-polluter-pays principles, and the checking of the efficiency of collection of fees on water consumption system, to identify the ways of action of these principles in reducing residential water consumption in the city of Curitiba. For this, it was necessary to establish the relationship between the charge and the residential consumption of water through the analysis of indicators of consumption and population income. The applications of the protector-receiver principle in water resources management have been identified, and the grounds of the user-polluter-pays principle were investigated, since this principle supports the collection of public water supply services.