Superconducting ECR ion source: From 24-28 GHz SECRAL to 45 GHz fourth generation ECR.

The development of superconducting ECR source with higher magnetic fields and higher microwave frequency is the most straight forward path to achieve higher beam intensity and higher charge state performance. SECRAL, a superconducting third generation ECR ion source, is designed for 24-28 GHz microwave frequency operation with an innovative magnet configuration of sextupole coils located outside the three solenoids. SECRAL at 24 GHz has already produced a number of record beam intensities, such as 40Ar12+ 1.4 emA, 129Xe26+ 1.1 emA, 129Xe30+ 0.36 emA, and 209Bi31+ 0.68 emA. SECRAL-II, an upgraded version of SECRAL, was built successfully in less than 3 years and has recently been commissioned at full power of a 28 GHz gyrotron and three-frequency heating (28 + 45 + 18 GHz). New record beam intensities for highly charged ion production have been achieved, such as 620 eµA 40Ar16+, 15 eµA 40Ar18+, 146 eµA 86Kr28+, 0.5 eµA 86Kr33+, 53 eµA 129Xe38+, and 17 eµA 129Xe42+. Recent beam test results at SECRAL and SECRAL II have demonstrated that the production of more intense highly charged heavy ion beams needs higher microwave power and higher frequency, as the scaling law predicted. A 45 GHz superconducting ECR ion source FECR (a first fourth generation ECR ion source) is being built at IMP. FECR will be the world's first Nb3Sn superconducting-magnet-based ECR ion source with 6.5 T axial mirror field, 3.5 T sextupole field on the plasma chamber inner wall, and 20 kW at a 45 GHz microwave coupling system. This paper will focus on SECRAL performance studies at 24-28 GHz and technical design of 45 GHz FECR, which demonstrates a technical path for highly charged ion beam production from 24 to 28 GHz SECRAL to 45 GHz FECR.

ASN540SER mutation is associated with a mild form of hypochondroplasia: a 7 years follow-up in an Italian boy.

Skeletal dysplasias (SKD) are genetic disorders that result in the abnormal development of part or all of the skeleton and are commonly associated with short stature. The most common SKDs that typically result in short stature include achondroplasia/hypochondroplasia (HCH) both caused by different mutations in the same gene. HCH diagnosis is based on the clinical appearance during development and conventional X-ray findings. In about 70% of patients, missense mutations in the gene coding for the fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) affects the amino acid at position 540, mostly resulting in the amino acid exchange N540K.Subjects with HCH, heterozygous for the N540K substitution are significantly more disproportionate than individuals without this mutation. We report the clinical and radiographic features of an Italian family with HCH with an unusual N540S mutation, inside the common mutation hot spot of this condition. This is the first case reported in Italy and the third in the literature. During a 7-years-follow-up, the boy started the puberty at the age of 11.3 years and the growth spurt was observed between 13.7 and 14.9 years (+ 9.1 cm.).During pubertal development the sitting height (SDS) improved from - 1.5 to - 0.6 and the subischial leg length (SDS) progressed from - 2.6 to - 3.3.At the age of 16.7 year the standing height was 157.6 cm ( - 2.4 SDS), testicular volume was 15 ml and bone age 16.5 year. The present study and the other two cases reported in the literature stress the important role of the asn 540 site in the tyrosine kinase I domain in the pathogenesis of HCH and underline the importance that, in patients with HCH who do not have the common N540K mutation, sequence analysis of the tyrosine kinase I domain of FGFR3 should be performed to exclude other changes in that region.

The role of cetuximab in pre-treated refractory patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: outcome study in clinical practice.

We carried out a multicentric retrospective study on cetuximab + chemotherapy in pre-treated refractory patients outside clinical protocols, by registering the main clinical and pathological parameters. We evaluated 144 pre-treated patients. Cetuximab was administered usually in combination with irinotecan (93.8%). A 45% disease control rate (complete plus partial responses plus stable disease) was obtained in 55 patients and was related to absence of weight loss (p<0.0001) and high grade (> or =2) skin toxicity (p<0.0001). Median time to progression (TTP) was 4 months (95%CI 2.7-5.3) and median overall survival (OS) was 11.8 months (95%CI 8.5-15.1). Performance status << or =1, no weight loss and high grade (>or =22) skin toxicity were related both to a longer TTP (p=0.035, p=0.035, p=0.0017) and OS (p<0.0001, p<0.0001, p=0.006). According to multivariate analysis, the absence of weight loss was related to longer TTP (HR 0.331, p=0.004) and OS (HR 0.176, p<0.0001), and EGFR over-expression (3+) to longer TTP (HR 0.402, p=0.020).

Regression of autoimmunity and abnormal glucose homeostasis in an adolescent boy with silent coeliac disease.

UNLABELLED: We report on a 15-y-old adolescent boy affected by silent coeliac disease, abnormalities in glycoregulation and with autoantibodies specific to diabetes mellitus type 1 (ICA: islet cell antibodies) and GAD 65 (autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase), in whom normalization of glycoregulation and disappearance of the immunological markers of pre-diabetes were observed after 6 mo on a gluten-free diet. The patient was followed-up for 36 mo and showed a normal insulin response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test and no markers of autoimmunity. It is possible that undiagnosed coeliac disease over a long period could lead to a direct autoimmune mechanism against pancreatic beta cells. CONCLUSION: Our findings seem to confirm the theory that undiagnosed coeliac disease can induce an autoimmune process against the pancreatic beta cells and that, following a gluten-free diet, the immunological markers for diabetes mellitus type 1 will disappear.

[Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in respiratory infections in children: an ambulatory diagnostic problem]. / Prevalenza di Chlamydia pneumoniae nelle infezioni respiratorie del bambino: un problema diagnostico ambulatoriale.

It has been recently suggested that Chlamydia Pneumoniae infection is a common finding among children with acute respiratory diseases. Chlamydia cell culture is difficult and time-consuming to perform. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a more rapid but also more expensive technique used to identify Chlamydia in pharyngeal swab, but it can be performed only in few specialized laboratories. We tested a rapid enzyme immuno-assay to detect Chlamydia in 20 children with respiratory infections (mean age 3.29 years; male:female ratio = 12:8) and in 21 healthy children (mean age 4.70 years male:female ratio = 15:6). Prevalence of Chlamydia isolation from pharyngeal swab was very high in both patients and healthy children without a significative difference in the two considered groups (45% vs 42%, p = 0.8). Specific Chlamydia IgG antibodies were undetectable in all patients and healthy children. Nine out of 20 patients affected by acute respiratory disease were Chlamydia-positive and 11 out 20 were Chlamydia-negative: these two groups didn't differ in regard to clinical and laboratory features, whereas duration of symptoms was significantly longer in Chlamydia-positive patients (9.3 vs 5.5 days, p = 0.014). Our study suggests a high prevalence of Chlamydia pharyngeal swab positivity in both healthy and sick children. Diagnosis of Chlamydia infection was not feasible on the basis of the considered clinical and laboratory findings.