Immunosuppressive therapy for IgA nephropathy in children.

BACKGROUND: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common cause of primary glomerulonephritis. It is a heterogeneous disease with different presentations and high morbidity. Thirty per cent of adults and 20% of children (followed into adulthood) will have a 50% decline in kidney function or develop kidney failure after 10 years. OBJECTIVES: To determine the benefits and harms of immunosuppressive therapy for the treatment of IgAN in children. SEARCH METHODS: We contacted the Information Specialist and searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 03 October 2023 using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) Search Portal, and ClinicalTrials.gov. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs) investigating the treatment of IgAN in children with immunosuppressive therapies compared to placebo, no treatment, supportive care, standard therapy (Japanese protocol), other immunosuppressive therapies or non-immunosuppressive therapies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. Random effects meta-analyses were used to summarise estimates of treatment effects. Treatment effects were expressed as risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes, and the mean difference (MD) and 95% CI for continuous outcomes. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for RCTs and the ROBIN-I tool for NRSIs. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE). MAIN RESULTS: This review included 13 studies with 686 participants. Ten RCTs included 334 children and 191 adults, and three NRSIs included 151 participants, all children. Most participants had mild kidney disease. The risk of bias was unclear for most of the domains relating to allocation concealment, blinding of participants, personnel, and outcome assessment. In children with IgAN, it is uncertain if corticosteroid (steroid) therapy, compared to placebo reduces proteinuria (1 study, 64 children and young adults: RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.72; low certainty evidence) or the decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (1 study, 64 children and young adults: RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.09 to 2.39; low certainty evidence). It is uncertain if steroids reduce proteinuria compared to supportive care (2 studies, 61 children: RR 0.04, 95% CI -0.83 to 0.72; low certainty evidence). Adverse events associated with steroid therapy were not assessed due to heterogeneity in steroid protocols, including dose and duration, and lack of systematic assessment for adverse events in the included studies. Azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, mizoribine, or cyclophosphamide alone or in combination with steroid therapy had uncertain effects on improving proteinuria or preventing eGFR decline in children with IgAN. Fish oil, vitamin E and tonsillectomy had uncertain effects on improving proteinuria or preventing eGFR decline. Effects of other immunosuppressive therapies, secondary outcomes and adverse events were not assessed due to insufficient data. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of high-quality evidence to guide the management of IgAN in children. There is no evidence to indicate that steroids, other immunosuppressive therapies, or tonsillectomy, when added to optimal supportive care, prevent a decline in eGFR or proteinuria in children with IgAN. Available studies were few, with small numbers, low-quality evidence, high or uncertain risk of bias, did not systematically assess harms associated with treatment, or report net benefits or harms. Severe cases and atypical presentations of IgAN were not included in the reviewed studies, and our findings cannot be generalised to these situations.

Global variations in funding and use of hemodialysis accesses: an international report using the ISN Global Kidney Health Atlas.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of contemporary data describing global variations in vascular access for hemodialysis (HD). We used the third iteration of the International Society of Nephrology Global Kidney Health Atlas (ISN-GKHA) to highlight differences in funding and availability of hemodialysis accesses used for initiating HD across world regions. METHODS: Survey questions were directed at understanding the funding modules for obtaining vascular access and types of accesses used to initiate dialysis. An electronic survey was sent to national and regional key stakeholders affiliated with the ISN between June and September 2022. Countries that participated in the survey were categorized based on World Bank Income Classification (low-, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income) and by their regional affiliation with the ISN. RESULTS: Data on types of vascular access were available from 160 countries. Respondents from 35 countries (22% of surveyed countries) reported that > 50% of patients started HD with an arteriovenous fistula or graft (AVF or AVG). These rates were higher in Western Europe (n = 14; 64%), North & East Asia (n = 4; 67%), and among high-income countries (n = 24; 38%). The rates of > 50% of patients starting HD with a tunneled dialysis catheter were highest in North America & Caribbean region (n = 7; 58%) and lowest in South Asia and Newly Independent States and Russia (n = 0 in both regions). Respondents from 50% (n = 9) of low-income countries reported that > 75% of patients started HD using a temporary catheter, with the highest rates in Africa (n = 30; 75%) and Latin America (n = 14; 67%). Funding for the creation of vascular access was often through public funding and free at the point of delivery in high-income countries (n = 42; 67% for AVF/AVG, n = 44; 70% for central venous catheters). In low-income countries, private and out of pocket funding was reported as being more common (n = 8; 40% for AVF/AVG, n = 5; 25% for central venous catheters). CONCLUSIONS: High income countries exhibit variation in the use of AVF/AVG and tunneled catheters. In low-income countries, there is a higher use of temporary dialysis catheters and private funding models for access creation.

Predicting the risks of kidney failure and death in adults with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease: multinational, longitudinal, population based, cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To train and test a super learner strategy for risk prediction of kidney failure and mortality in people with incident moderate to severe chronic kidney disease (stage G3b to G4). DESIGN: Multinational, longitudinal, population based, cohort study. SETTINGS: Linked population health data from Canada (training and temporal testing), and Denmark and Scotland (geographical testing). PARTICIPANTS: People with newly recorded chronic kidney disease at stage G3b-G4, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 15-44 mL/min/1.73 m2. MODELLING: The super learner algorithm selected the best performing regression models or machine learning algorithms (learners) based on their ability to predict kidney failure and mortality with minimised cross-validated prediction error (Brier score, the lower the better). Prespecified learners included age, sex, eGFR, albuminuria, with or without diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The index of prediction accuracy, a measure of calibration and discrimination calculated from the Brier score (the higher the better) was used to compare KDpredict with the benchmark, kidney failure risk equation, which does not account for the competing risk of death, and to evaluate the performance of KDpredict mortality models. RESULTS: 67 942 Canadians, 17 528 Danish, and 7740 Scottish residents with chronic kidney disease at stage G3b to G4 were included (median age 77-80 years; median eGFR 39 mL/min/1.73 m2). Median follow-up times were five to six years in all cohorts. Rates were 0.8-1.1 per 100 person years for kidney failure and 10-12 per 100 person years for death. KDpredict was more accurate than kidney failure risk equation in prediction of kidney failure risk: five year index of prediction accuracy 27.8% (95% confidence interval 25.2% to 30.6%) versus 18.1% (15.7% to 20.4%) in Denmark and 30.5% (27.8% to 33.5%) versus 14.2% (12.0% to 16.5%) in Scotland. Predictions from kidney failure risk equation and KDpredict differed substantially, potentially leading to diverging treatment decisions. An 80-year-old man with an eGFR of 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and an albumin-to-creatinine ratio of 100 mg/g (11 mg/mmol) would receive a five year kidney failure risk prediction of 10% from kidney failure risk equation (above the current nephrology referral threshold of 5%). The same man would receive five year risk predictions of 2% for kidney failure and 57% for mortality from KDpredict. Individual risk predictions from KDpredict with four or six variables were accurate for both outcomes. The KDpredict models retrained using older data provided accurate predictions when tested in temporally distinct, more recent data. CONCLUSIONS: KDpredict could be incorporated into electronic medical records or accessed online to accurately predict the risks of kidney failure and death in people with moderate to severe CKD. The KDpredict learning strategy is designed to be adapted to local needs and regularly revised over time to account for changes in the underlying health system and care processes.

Impact of Prior Abdominal Procedures on Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Outcomes: Findings From the North American Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Registry.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: A history of prior abdominal procedures may influence the likelihood of referral for peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter insertion. To guide clinical decision making in this population, this study examined the association between prior abdominal procedures and outcomes in patients undergoing PD catheter insertion. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Adults undergoing their first PD catheter insertion between November 1, 2011, and November 1, 2020, at 11 institutions in Canada and the United States participating in the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis North American Catheter Registry. EXPOSURE: Prior abdominal procedure(s) defined as any procedure that enters the peritoneal cavity. OUTCOMES: The primary outcome was time to the first of (1) abandonment of the PD catheter or (2) interruption/termination of PD. Secondary outcomes were rates of emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and procedures. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Cumulative incidence curves were used to describe the risk over time, and an adjusted Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the association between the exposure and primary outcome. Models for count data were used to estimate the associations between the exposure and secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Of 855 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 31% had a history of a prior abdominal procedure and 20% experienced at least 1 PD catheter-related complication that led to the primary outcome. Prior abdominal procedures were not associated with an increased risk of the primary outcome (adjusted HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.68-1.84). Upper-abdominal procedures were associated with a higher adjusted hazard of the primary outcome, but there was no dose-response relationship concerning the number of procedures. There was no association between prior abdominal procedures and other secondary outcomes. LIMITATIONS: Observational study and cohort limited to a sample of patients believed to be potential candidates for PD catheter insertion. CONCLUSION: A history of prior abdominal procedure(s) does not appear to influence catheter outcomes following PD catheter insertion. Such a history should not be a contraindication to PD. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a life-saving therapy for individuals with kidney failure that can be done at home. PD requires the placement of a tube, or catheter, into the abdomen to allow the exchange of dialysis fluid during treatment. There is concern that individuals who have undergone prior abdominal procedures and are referred for a catheter might have scarring that could affect catheter function. In some institutions, they might not even be offered PD therapy as an option. In this study, we found that a history of prior abdominal procedures did not increase the risk of PD catheter complications and should not dissuade patients from choosing PD or providers from recommending it.

Risk Factors for Developing Low Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria in Living Kidney Donors.

Rationale & Objective: Chronic kidney disease is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the general population, but little is known about the incidence and risk factors associated with developing low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and moderate-severe albuminuria in living kidney donors following nephrectomy. Study Design: Retrospective, population-based cohort study. Setting & Participants: Kidney donors in Alberta, Canada. Exposure: Donor nephrectomy between May 2001 and December 2017. Outcome: Two eGFR measurements <45 mL/min/1.73 m2 or 2 measurements of moderate or severe albuminuria from 1-year postdonation onwards that were at least 90 days apart. Analytical Approach: Associations between potential risk factors and the primary outcome were assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression analyses. Results: Over a median follow-up period of 8.6 years (IQR, 4.7-12.6 years), 47 of 590 donors (8.0%) developed sustained low eGFR or moderate-severe albuminuria with an incidence rate of 9.2 per 1,000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 6.6-11.8). The median time for development of this outcome beyond the first year after nephrectomy was 2.9 years (IQR, 1.4-8.0 years). Within the first 4 years of follow-up, a 5 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower predonation eGFR increased the hazard of developing postdonation low eGFR or moderate-severe albuminuria by 26% (adjusted HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.10-1.44). Furthermore, donors were at higher risk of developing low eGFR or albuminuria if they had evidence of predonation hypertension (adjusted HR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.28-4.96) or postdonation diabetes (adjusted HR, 4.72; 95% CI, 1.54-14.50). Limitations: We lacked data on certain donor characteristics that may affect long-term kidney function, such as race, smoking history, and transplant-related characteristics. Conclusions: A proportion of kidney donors at an incidence rate of 9.2 per 1,000 person-years will develop low eGFR or albuminuria after donation. Donors with lower predonation eGFR, predonation hypertension, and postdonation diabetes are at increased risk of developing this outcome.

The purpose of this study was to understand the risk of developing kidney disease in living kidney donors after donation. We followed 590 donors in Alberta, Canada for almost 9 years. Approximately 8% of donors developed reduced kidney function (low estimated glomerular filtration rate) or increased protein in the urine (albuminuria). Donors with lower kidney function before donation, hypertension before donation, or diabetes after donation had a higher likelihood of experiencing these kidney outcomes. This research provides important insights to patients and health care providers to better support the long-term kidney health of living kidney donors.

Proton Pump Inhibitors Use in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Population-Based Study.

Background: Kidney transplant recipients are commonly prescribed proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs), but due to concern for polypharmacy, chronic use should be limited. Objective: The objective was to describe PPI use in kidney transplant recipients beyond their first year of transplant to better inform and support deprescribing initiatives. Design: We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study using linked health care databases. Setting: This study was conducted in Alberta, Canada. Patients: We included all prevalent adult, kidney-only transplant recipients between April 2008 and December 2017 who received their transplant between May 2002 and December 2017. Measurements: The primary outcome was ongoing or new PPI use and patterns of use, including frequency and duration of therapy, and assessment of indication for PPI use. Methods: We ascertained baseline characteristics, covariate information, and outcome data from the Alberta Kidney Disease Network (AKDN). We compared recipients with evidence of a PPI prescription in the 3 months prior to study entry to those with a histamine-2-receptor antagonist (H2Ra) fill and those with neither. Results: We identified 1823 kidney transplant recipients, of whom 868 (48%) were on a PPI, 215 (12%) were on an H2Ra, and 740 (41%) were on neither at baseline. Over a median follow-up of 5.4 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 2.6-9.3), there were almost 45 000 unique PPI prescriptions dispensed, the majority (80%) of which were filled by initial PPI users. Recipients who were on a PPI at baseline would spend 91% (IQR = 70-98) of their graft survival time on a PPI in follow-up, and nephrologists were the main prescribers. We identified an indication for ongoing PPI use in 54% of recipients with the most common indication being concurrent antiplatelet use (26%). Limitations: Our kidney transplant recipients have access to universal health care coverage which may limit generalizability. We identified common gastrointestinal indications for PPI use but did not include rare conditions due to concerns about the validity of diagnostic codes. In addition, symptoms suggestive of reflux may not be well coded as the focus of follow-up visits is more likely to focus on kidney transplant. Conclusions: Many kidney transplant recipients are prescribed a PPI at, or beyond, the 1-year post-transplant date and are likely to stay on a PPI in follow-up. Almost half of the recipients in our study did not have an identifiable indication for ongoing PPI use. Nephrologists frequently prescribe PPIs to kidney transplant recipients and should be involved in deprescribing initiatives to reduce polypharmacy.

Contexte: On prescrit couramment des inhibiteurs de la pompe à protons (IPP) aux receveurs d'une greffe rénale; une pratique qui devrait cependant être limitée en raison de préoccupations liées à la polypharmacie. Objectif: Décrire l'utilisation des IPP chez les receveurs d'une greffe rénale au-delà de la première année post-greffe, afin de mieux informer et de soutenir les initiatives de déprescription. Type d'étude: Étude de cohorte populationnelle rétrospective réalisée à partir des bases de données couplées du système de santé. Cadre: Alberta, Canada. Sujets: Nous avons recueilli les données d'avril 2008 à décembre 2017 de tous les adultes qui avaient reçu un rein seulement entre mai 2002 et décembre 2017. Mesures: Le principal critère de jugement était la prise continue ­ ou une nouvelle ordonnance ­ d'IPP et les modalités d'utilisation, notamment la fréquence et la durée du traitement, ainsi que l'indication pour la prescription d'IPP. Méthodologie: Nous avons vérifié les caractéristiques initiales, les informations covariées et les données sur les résultats colligées dans l'Alberta Kidney Disease Network (AKDN). Nous avons comparé des receveurs présentant des preuves d'une prescription d'IPP au cours des trois mois précédant l'entrée dans l'étude à des patients avec une ordonnance d'antagonistes des récepteurs de l'histamine-2 (aRH2), ainsi qu'à des patients n'ayant aucune de ces prescriptions. Résultats: Nous avons identifié 1 823 receveurs d'une greffe rénale; 868 (48 %) recevaient un IPP, 215 (12 %) recevaient un aRH2 et 740 (41 %) ne recevaient aucun traitement à l'inclusion. Au cours d'un suivi médian de 5,4 ans (intervalle interquartile [IIQ]: 2,6-9,3), près de 45 000 ordonnances uniques d'IPP ont été délivrées, dont la majorité (80 %) avait été remplie par des utilisateurs initiaux d'IPP. Les receveurs qui prenaient des IPP à l'inclusion avaient passé 91 % (IIQ: 70-98) de leur temps de survie du greffon à prendre un IPP durant la période de suivi, et ces médicaments avaient été majoritairement prescrits par des néphrologues. Une indication justifiant l'utilisation continue d'un IPP était présente chez 54 % des receveurs; la plus courante étant l'utilisation concomitante d'un agent antiplaquettaire (26 %). Limites: Les receveurs inclus dans notre étude ont accès à une couverture médicale universelle, ce qui peut limiter la généralisabilité des résultats. Nous avons repéré des indications gastro-intestinales courantes pour l'utilisation d'IPP, mais nous n'avons pas inclus les affections rares en raison de préoccupations concernant la validité des codes diagnostiques. Aussi, les symptômes évocateurs d'un reflux pourraient ne pas être bien codés, car les visites de suivi sont plus susceptibles de porter sur la transplantation rénale. Conclusion: De nombreux receveurs d'une greffe rénale se voient encore prescrire un IPP dans l'année suivant la transplantation, ou au-delà, et sont susceptibles de continuer d'en prendre pendant le suivi. Près de la moitié des receveurs de notre étude n'avaient pas d'indication clairement identifiable de prendre un IPP en continu. Les néphrologues prescrivent fréquemment des IPP aux receveurs d'une greffe rénale et devraient être impliqués dans les initiatives de déprescription visant à réduire la polypharmacie.

Global variability of vascular and peritoneal access for chronic dialysis.

AIM: Vascular and peritoneal access are essential elements for sustainability of chronic dialysis programs. Data on availability, patterns of use, funding models, and workforce for vascular and peritoneal accesses for dialysis at a global scale is limited. METHODS: An electronic survey of national leaders of nephrology societies, consumer representative organizations, and policymakers was conducted from July to September 2018. Questions focused on types of accesses used to initiate dialysis, funding for services, and availability of providers for access creation. RESULTS: Data from 167 countries were available. In 31 countries (25% of surveyed countries), >75% of patients initiated haemodialysis (HD) with a temporary catheter. Seven countries (5% of surveyed countries) had >75% of patients initiating HD with arteriovenous fistulas or grafts. Seven countries (5% of surveyed countries) had >75% of their patients starting HD with tunnelled dialysis catheters. 57% of low-income countries (LICs) had >75% of their patients initiating HD with a temporary catheter compared to 5% of high-income countries (HICs). Shortages of surgeons to create vascular access were reported in 91% of LIC compared to 46% in HIC. Approximately 95% of participating countries in the LIC category reported shortages of surgeons for peritoneal dialysis (PD) access compared to 26% in HIC. Public funding was available for central venous catheters, fistula/graft creation, and PD catheter surgery in 57%, 54% and 54% of countries, respectively. CONCLUSION: There is a substantial variation in the availability, funding, workforce, and utilization of vascular and peritoneal access for dialysis across countries regions, with major gaps in low-income countries.

Variations in Incidence and Prognosis of Stage 4 CKD Among Adults Identified Using Different Algorithms: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Clinical guidelines define chronic kidney disease (CKD) as abnormalities of kidney structure or function for>3 months. Assessment of the duration criterion may be implemented in different ways, potentially impacting estimates of disease incidence or prevalence in the population, individual diagnosis, and treatment decisions, especially for more severe cases. We investigated differences in incidence and prognosis of CKD stage G4 identified by 1 of 4 algorithms. STUDY DESIGN: Population-based cohort study in Alberta, Canada. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Residents>18 years old with incident CKD stage G4 (eGFR 15-29mL/min/1.73m2) diagnosed between April 1, 2015, and March 31, 2018, based on administrative and laboratory data. EXPOSURE: Four outpatient eGFR-based algorithms, increasing in stringency, for defining cohorts with CKD G4 were evaluated: (1) a single test, (2) first eGFR<30mL/min/1.73m2 and a second eGFR 15-29mL/min/1.73m2 measured>90 days apart (2 tests), (3) ≥2 eGFR measurements of<30mL/min/1.73m2 sustained for>90 days (qualifying period) and the last eGFR in the qualifying period of 15-29mL/min/1.73m2 (relaxed sustained), and (4) ≥2 consecutive measurements of 15-29mL/min/1.73m2 for>90 days (rigorous sustained). OUTCOME: Time to the earliest of death, eGFR improvement (a sustained increase in eGFR to≥30mL/min/1.73m2 for>90 days and>25% increase from the index eGFR), or kidney failure. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: For each of the 4 cohorts, incidence rates and event-specific cumulative incidence functions at 1 year from cohort entry were estimated. RESULTS: The incidence rates of CKD G4 decreased as algorithms became more stringent, from 190.7 (single test) to 79.9 (rigorous sustained) per 100,000 person-years. The 2 cohorts based on sustained reductions in eGFR were of comparable size and 1-year event-specific probabilities. The 2 cohorts based on a single test and a 2-test sequence were larger and experienced higher probabilities of eGFR improvement. LIMITATIONS: A short follow-up period of 1 year and a predominantly White population. CONCLUSIONS: The use of more stringent algorithms for defining CKD G4 results in substantially lower estimates of disease incidence, the identification of a group with a lower probability of eGFR improvement, and a higher risk of kidney failure. These findings can inform implementation decisions of disease definitions in clinical reporting systems and research studies. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Although guidelines recommend>3 months to define chronic kidney disease (CKD), the methods for defining specific stages, particularly G4 (eGFR 15-29mL/min/1.73m2) when referral to nephrology services is recommended, have been implemented differently across studies and surveillance programs. We studied differences in incidence and prognosis of CKD G4 cohorts identified by 4 algorithms using administrative and outpatient laboratory databases in Alberta, Canada. We found that, compared with a single-test definition, more stringent definitions resulted in a lower disease incidence and identified a group with worse short-term kidney outcomes. These findings highlight the impact of the choice of algorithm used to define CKD G4 on disease burden estimates at the population level, on individual prognosis, and on treatment/referral decisions.

Nurse Practitioner Care Compared with Primary Care or Nephrologist Care in Early CKD.

BACKGROUND: Early interventions in CKD have been shown to improve health outcomes; however, gaps in access to nephrology care remain common. Nurse practitioners can improve access to care; however, the quality and outcomes of nurse practitioner care for CKD are uncertain. METHODS: In this propensity score-matched cohort study, patients with CKD meeting criteria for nurse practitioner care were matched 1:1 on their propensity scores for ( 1 ) nurse practitioner care versus primary care alone and ( 2 ) nurse practitioner versus nephrologist care. Processes of care were measured within 1 year after cohort entry, and clinical outcomes were measured over 5 years of follow-up and compared between propensity score-matched groups. RESULTS: A total of 961 (99%) patients from the nurse practitioner clinic were matched on their propensity score to 961 (1%) patients receiving primary care only while 969 (100%) patients from the nurse practitioner clinic were matched to 969 (7%) patients receiving nephrologist care. After matching to patients receiving primary care alone, those receiving nurse practitioner care had greater use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blocker (82% versus 79%; absolute differences [ADs] 3.4% [95% confidence interval, 0.0% to 6.9%]) and statins (75% versus 66%; AD 9.7% [5.8% to 13.6%]), fewer prescriptions of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (10% versus 17%; AD -7.2% [-10.4% to -4.2%]), greater eGFR and albuminuria monitoring, and lower rates of all-cause hospitalization (34.1 versus 43.3; rate difference -9.2 [-14.7 to -3.8] per 100 person-years) and all-cause mortality (3.3 versus 6.0; rate difference -2.7 [-3.6 to -1.7] per 100 person-years). When matched to patients receiving nephrologist care, those receiving nurse practitioner care were also more likely to be prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers and statins, with no difference in the risks of experiencing adverse clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Nurse practitioner care for patients with CKD was associated with better guideline-concordant care than primary care alone or nephrologist care, with clinical outcomes that were better than or equivalent to primary care alone and similar to those with care by nephrologists. PODCAST: This article contains a podcast at https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2023_12_08_CJN0000000000000305.mp3.

Alignment Among Patient, Caregiver, and Health Care Provider Perspectives on Hemodialysis Vascular Access Decision-Making: A Qualitative Study.

Background: Updates to the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative Clinical Practice Guideline for Vascular Access emphasize the "right access, in the right patient, at the right time, for the right reasons." Although this implies a collaborative approach, little is known about how patients, their caregivers, and health care providers engage in vascular access (VA) decision-making. Objective: To explore how the perspectives of patients receiving hemodialysis, their caregivers, and hemodialysis care team align and diverge in relation to VA selection. Design: Qualitative descriptive study. Setting: Five outpatient hemodialysis centers in Calgary, Alberta. Participants: Our purposive sample included 19 patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis, 2 caregivers, and 21 health care providers (7 hemodialysis nurses, 6 VA nurses, and 8 nephrologists). Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with consenting participants. Using an inductive thematic analysis approach, we coded transcripts in duplicate and characterized themes addressing our research objective. Results: While participants across roles shared some perspectives related to VA decision-making, we identified areas where views diverged. Areas of alignment included (1) optimizing patient preparedness-acknowledging decisional readiness and timing, and (2) value placed on trusting relationships with the kidney care team-respecting decisional autonomy with guidance. Perspectives diverged in the following aspects: (1) differing VA priorities and preferences-patients' emphasis on minimizing disruptions to normalcy contrasted with providers' preferences for fistulas and optimizing biomedical parameters of dialysis; (2) influence of personal and peer experience-patients preferred pragmatic, experiential knowledge, whereas providers emphasized informational credibility; and (3) endpoints for VA review-reassessment of VA decisions was prompted by access dissatisfaction for patients and a medical imperative to achieve a functioning access for health care providers. Limitations: Participation was limited to individuals comfortable communicating in English and from urban, in-center hemodialysis units. Few informal caregivers of people receiving hemodialysis and younger patients participated in this study. Conclusions: Although patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers share perspectives on important aspects of VA decisions, conflicting priorities and preferences may impact the decisional outcome. Findings highlight opportunities to bridge knowledge and readiness gaps and integrate shared decision-making in the VA selection process.

Contexte: Les mises à jour des lignes directrices de pratiques cliniques en matière d'accès vasculaire de la KDOQI (Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative) insistent sur la création « du bon accès, à la bonne personne, au bon moment et pour les bonnes raisons ¼. Ces recommandations sous-entendent une approche collaborative, mais la façon dont les patients, leurs soignants et les prestataires de soins de santé participent à la prise de décision sur l'accès vasculaire (AV) demeure mal connue. Objectif: Explorer les accords et les divergences dans les points de vue des patients sous hémodialyse, leurs soignants et leur équipe de soins relativement à la sélection de l'AV. Conception: Étude qualitative et descriptive. Cadre: Cinq centres d'hémodialyse ambulatoire à Calgary (Alberta). Sujets: Notre échantillon choisi à dessein était composé de 19 patients sous hémodialyse d'entretien, 2 soignants et 21 prestataires de soins de santé (7 infirmières en hémodialyse, 6 infirmières en AV et 8 néphrologues). Méthodologie: Nous avons mené des entrevues semi-structurées auprès des participants consentants. Une approche d'analyse thématique inductive a été employée pour coder les transcriptions en double et caractériser les thèmes répondant à l'objectif de recherche. Résultats: Certains points de vue sur la prise de décision en matière d'AV étaient partagés par tous les participants, mais nous avons identifié quelques domaines de divergence. Les participants s'entendaient sur : 1) l'optimisation de la préparation des patients ­ reconnaître l'état de préparation et le moment de prendre la décision; et 2) la valeur accordée aux relations de confiance avec l'équipe de soins rénaux ­ respecter l'autonomie décisionnelle après conseils. Les points de vue divergeaient sur : 1) les priorités et préférences à l'égard de l'AV ­ l'accent mis par les patients sur la minimisation des perturbations de la vie courante contrastait avec les préférences des prestataires de soins pour les fistules et l'optimisation des paramètres biomédicaux de la dialyse; 2) l'influence de l'expérience personnelle et des pairs ­ les patients préféraient des connaissances pragmatiques et expérientielles, tandis que les prestataires de soins mettaient l'accent sur la crédibilité de l'information; et 3) les critères d'évaluation de l'AV ­ la réévaluation du choix de l'AV est motivée par l'insatisfaction des patients à l'égard de l'accès et, du côté des prestataires de soins, par l'impératif médical de parvenir à un accès fonctionnel. Limites: Seules les personnes fréquentant une unité d'hémodialyse en centre urbain et à l'aise de communiquer en anglais ont pu participer. Les participants comptaient peu de patients plus jeunes et de soignants informels de personnes sous hémodialyse. Conclusion: Bien que les patients, les soignants et les prestataires de soins de santé s'entendent sur certains aspects importants de la décision concernant l'AV, celle-ci pourrait être influencée par des priorités et préférences contradictoires. Nos résultats mettent en évidence des occasions d'intégrer la prise de décision partagée dans le processus de sélection d'un AV et de combler les lacunes dans les connaissances et la préparation des patients.

Impaired Renal Function and Major Cardiovascular Events in Young Adults.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular (CV) disease in young adults (aged 18-39 years) is on the rise. Whether subclinical reductions in kidney function (ie, estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] above the current threshold for chronic kidney disease but below age-expected values) are associated with elevated CV risk is unknown. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to examine age-specific associations of subclinical eGFR reductions in young adults with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and MACE plus heart failure (MACE+). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 8.7 million individuals (3.6 million aged 18-39 years) was constructed using linked provincial health care data sets from Ontario, Canada (January 2008-March 2021). Cox models were used to examine the association of categorized eGFR (50-120 mL/min/1.73 m2) with MACE (first of CV mortality, acute coronary syndrome, and ischemic stroke) and MACE+, stratified according to age (18-39, 40-49, and 50-65 years). RESULTS: In the study cohort (mean age 41.3 years; mean eGFR 104.2 mL/min/1.73 m2; median follow-up 9.2 years), a stepwise increase in the relative risk of MACE and MACE+ was observed as early as eGFR <80 mL/min/1.73 m2 in young adults (eg, for MACE, at eGFR 70-79 mL/min/1.73 m2, ages 18-30 years: 2.37 events per 1,000 person years [HR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.27-1.40]; ages 40-49 years: 6.26 events per 1,000 person years [HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.06-1.12]; ages 50-65 years: 14.9 events per 1,000 person years [HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.05-1.08]). Results persisted for each MACE component and in additional analyses (stratifying according to past CV disease, accounting for albuminuria at index, and using repeated eGFR measures). CONCLUSIONS: In young adults, eGFR below age-expected values were associated with an elevated risk for MACE and MACE+, warranting age-appropriate risk stratification, proactive monitoring, and timely intervention.

Health related quality of life during dialysis modality transitions: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Modality transitions represent a period of significant change that can impact health related quality of life (HRQoL). We explored the HRQoL of adults transitioning to new or different dialysis modalities. METHODS: We recruited eligible adults (≥ 18) transitioning to dialysis from pre-dialysis or undertaking a dialysis modality change between July and September 2017. Nineteen participants (9 incident and 10 prevalent dialysis patients) completed the KDQOL-36 survey at time of transition and three months later. Fifteen participants undertook a semi-structured interview at three months. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed. RESULTS: Four themes and five sub-themes were identified: adapting to new circumstances (tackling change, accepting change), adjusting together, trading off, and challenges of chronicity (the impact of dialysis, living with a complex disease, planning with uncertainty). From the first day of dialysis treatment to the third month on a new dialysis therapy, all five HRQoL domains from the KDQOL-36 (symptoms, effects, burden, overall PCS, and overall MCS) improved in our sample (i.e., those who remained on the modality). CONCLUSIONS: Dialysis transitions negatively impact the HRQoL of people with kidney disease in various ways. Future work should focus on how to best support people during this time.

Follow-up Care of Critically Ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury: A Cohort Study.

Rationale & Objective: To evaluate follow-up care of critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting & Participants: Patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with AKI in Alberta, Canada from 2005 to 2018, who survived to discharge without kidney replacement therapy or estimated glomerular filtration rate <15 mL/min/1.73 m2. Exposure: AKI (defined as ≥50% or ≥0.3 mg/dL serum creatinine increase). Outcomes: The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of an outpatient serum creatinine and urine protein measurement at 3 months postdischarge. Secondary outcomes included an outpatient serum creatinine or urine protein measurement or a nephrologist visit at 3 months postdischarge. Analytical Approach: Patients were followed from hospital discharge until the first of each outcome of interest, death, emigration from the province, kidney replacement therapy (maintenance dialysis or kidney transplantation), or end of study period (March 2019). We used non-parametric methods (Aalen-Johansen) to estimate the cumulative incidence functions of outcomes accounting for competing events (death and kidney replacement therapy). Results: There were 29,732 critically ill adult patients with AKI. The median age was 68 years (IQR, 57-77), 39% were female, and the median baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate was 72 mL/min/1.73 m2 (IQR, 53-90). The cumulative incidence of having an outpatient creatinine and urine protein measurement at 3 months postdischarge was 25% (95% CI, 25-26). At 3 months postdischarge, 64% (95% CI, 64-65) had an outpatient creatinine measurement, 28% (95% CI, 27-28) had a urine protein measurement, and 5% (95% CI, 4-5) had a nephrologist visit. Limitations: We lacked granular data, such as urine output. Conclusions: Many critically ill patients with AKI do not receive the recommended follow-up care. Our findings highlight a gap in the transition of care for survivors of critical illness and AKI.

Safety and Effectiveness of Rivaroxaban Versus Warfarin Across GFR Levels in Atrial Fibrillation: A Population-Based Study in Australia and Canada.

Rationale & Objective: The benefit-risk profile of rivaroxaban versus warfarin for atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with chronic kidney disease is uncertain. We compared rivaroxaban with warfarin across the range of kidney function in adults with AF. Study Design: Multicenter retrospective cohort. Setting & Participants: Adults with AF and a measure of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); using administrative data from 5 jurisdictions across Australia and Canada (2011-2018). Kidney function was categorized as eGFR ≥60, 45-59, 30-44, and <30 mL/min/1.73 m2. Patients receiving dialysis and kidney transplant recipients were excluded. Exposures: New dispensation of either rivaroxaban or warfarin. Outcomes: Composite (1) effectiveness outcome (all-cause death, ischemic stroke, or transient ischemic attack) and (2) major bleeding events (intracranial, gastrointestinal, or other) at 1 year. Analytical Approach: Cox proportional hazards models accounting for propensity score matching were performed independently in each jurisdiction and then pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Results: 55,568 patients (27,784 rivaroxaban-warfarin user matched pairs; mean age 74 years, 46% female, 33.5% with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) experienced a total of 4,733 (8.5%) effectiveness and 1,144 (2.0%) bleeding events. Compared to warfarin, rivaroxaban was associated with greater or similar effectiveness across a broad range of kidney function (pooled HRs of 0.72 [95% CI, 0.66-0.78], 0.78 [95% CI, 0.58-1.06], 0.70 [95% CI, 0.57-0.87], and 0.78 [95% CI, 0.62-0.99]) for eGFR ≥60, 45-59, 30-44, and <30 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively). Rivaroxaban was also associated with similar risk of major bleeding across all eGFR categories (pooled HRs of 0.75 [95% CI, 0.56-1.00], 1.01 [95% CI, 0.79-1.30], 0.87 [95% CI, 0.66-1.15], and 0.63 [95% CI, 0.37-1.09], respectively). Limitations: Unmeasured treatment selection bias and residual confounding. Conclusions: In adults with AF, rivaroxaban compared with warfarin was associated with lower or similar risk of all-cause death, ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack and similar risk of bleeding across a broad range of kidney function. Plain-Language Summary: This real-world study involved a large cohort of 55,568 adults with atrial fibrillation from 5 jurisdictions across Australia and Canada. It showed that the favorable safety (bleeding) and effectiveness (stroke or death) profile of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin was consistent across different levels of kidney function. This study adds important safety data on the use of rivaroxaban in patients with reduced kidney function, including those with estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 in whom the risks and benefits of rivaroxaban use is most uncertain. Overall, the study supports the use of rivaroxaban as a safe and effective alternative to warfarin for atrial fibrillation across differing levels of kidney function.

Age and memory B cells at baseline are associated with risk of relapse and memory B-cell reappearance following anti-CD20 treatment in pediatric frequently-relapsing/steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome.

B-cell depleting anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, such as rituximab, have proven efficacy in children with frequently-relapsing/steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (FR/SDNS). However, drug-free remission is variable and specific baseline markers predictive of relapse after anti-CD20 treatment are still being defined. To clarify these, we performed a bicentric observational study in a large cohort of 102 children and young adults with FR/SDNS treated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (rituximab and ofatumumab). Sixty-two patients (60.8%) relapsed during a 24-month period (median [interquartile range] relapse-free survival, 14.4 months [7.9-24.0]). A lower risk of relapse was significantly associated with an older age (over 9.8 years, hazard ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.74) and a higher risk of relapse was significantly associated with higher circulating levels of memory B cells (1.14; 1.09-1.32) at time of anti-CD20 infusion, independent of time elapsed from onset, previous anti-CD20 treatment, type of administered anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, and previous or maintenance oral immunosuppression. Patients younger than 9.8 years at anti-CD20 infusion had a subsequent higher recovery of total, transitional, mature-naïve and memory B-cell subsets independent of previous anti-CD20 treatment and maintenance immunosuppression. Significantly, younger age and higher circulating levels of memory B cells at time of anti-CD20 infusion were also independently associated with the recovery of memory B cells by linear mixed-effects modelling. Thus, both younger age and higher circulating levels of memory B cells at time of infusion are independently associated with a higher risk of relapse and an earlier recovery of memory B cells following anti-CD20 treatment in children with FR/SDNS.

Genome-wide association analyses define pathogenic signaling pathways and prioritize drug targets for IgA nephropathy.

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a progressive form of kidney disease defined by glomerular deposition of IgA. Here we performed a genome-wide association study of 10,146 kidney-biopsy-diagnosed IgAN cases and 28,751 controls across 17 international cohorts. We defined 30 genome-wide significant risk loci explaining 11% of disease risk. A total of 16 loci were new, including TNFSF4/TNFSF18, REL, CD28, PF4V1, LY86, LYN, ANXA3, TNFSF8/TNFSF15, REEP3, ZMIZ1, OVOL1/RELA, ETS1, IGH, IRF8, TNFRSF13B and FCAR. The risk loci were enriched in gene orthologs causing abnormal IgA levels when genetically manipulated in mice. We also observed a positive genetic correlation between IgAN and serum IgA levels. High polygenic score for IgAN was associated with earlier onset of kidney failure. In a comprehensive functional annotation analysis of candidate causal genes, we observed convergence of biological candidates on a common set of inflammatory signaling pathways and cytokine ligand-receptor pairs, prioritizing potential new drug targets.

Associations between modest reductions in kidney function and adverse outcomes in young adults: retrospective, population based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To study age specific associations of modest reductions in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with adverse outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective, population based cohort study. SETTING: Linked healthcare administrative datasets in Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Adult residents (18-65 years) with at least one outpatient eGFR value (categorized in 10 unit increments from 50 mL/min/1.73m2 to >120 mL/min/1.73m2), with no history of kidney disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: eGFRs and hazard ratios of composite adverse outcome (all cause mortality, any cardiovascular event, and kidney failure) stratified by age (18-39 years, 40-49 years, and 50-65 years), and relative to age specific eGFR referents (100-110 mL/min/1.73m2) for ages 18-39 years, 90-100 for 40-49 years, 80-90 for 50-65 years). RESULTS: From 1 January 2008 to 31 March 2021, among 8 703 871 adults (mean age 41.3 (standard deviation 13.6) years; mean index eGFR 104.2 mL/min/1.73m2 (standard deviation 16.1); median follow-up 9.2 years (interquartile range 5.7-11.4)), modestly reduced eGFR measurements specific to age were recorded in 18.0% of those aged 18-39, 18.8% in those aged 40-49, and 17.0% in those aged 50-65. In comparison with age specific referents, adverse outcomes were consistently higher by hazard ratio and incidence for ages 18-39 compared with older groups across all eGFR categories. For modest reductions (eGFR 70-80 mL/min/1.73m2), the hazard ratio for ages 18-39 years was 1.42 (95% confidence interval 1.35 to 1.49), 4.39 per 1000 person years; for ages 40-49 years was 1.13 (1.10 to 1.16), 9.61 per 1000 person years; and for ages 50-65 years was 1.08 (1.07 to 1.09), 23.4 per 1000 person years. Results persisted for each individual outcome and in many sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Modest eGFR reductions were consistently associated with higher rates of adverse outcomes. Higher relative hazards were most prominent and occurred as early as eGFR <80 mL/min/1.73m2 in younger adults, compared with older groups. These findings suggest a role for more frequent monitoring of kidney function in younger adults to identify individuals at risk to prevent chronic kidney disease and its complications.

Progression of Kidney Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients With a Failing Graft: A Matched Cohort Study.

Background: Few studies have assessed outcomes in transplant recipients with failing grafts as most studies have focused on outcomes after graft loss. Objective: To determine whether renal function declines faster in kidney transplant recipients with a failing graft than in people with chronic kidney disease of their native kidneys. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Alberta, Canada (2002-2019). Patients: We identified kidney transplant recipients with a failing graft (2 estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] measurements 15-30 mL/min/1.73 m2 ≥90 days apart). Measurements: We compared the change in eGFR over time (eGFR with 95% confidence limits, LCLeGFRUCL) and the competing risks of kidney failure and death (cause-specific hazard ratios [HRs], LCLHRUCL). Methods: Recipients (n = 575) were compared with propensity-score-matched, nontransplant controls (n = 575) with a similar degree of kidney dysfunction. Results: The median potential follow-up time was 7.8 years (interquartile range, 3.6-12.1). The hazards for kidney failure (HR1.101.331.60) and death (HR1.211.592.07) were significantly higher for recipients, while the eGFR decline over time was similar (recipients vs controls: -2.60-2.27-1.94 vs -2.52-2.21-1.90 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year). The rate of eGFR decline was associated with kidney failure but not death. Limitations: This was a retrospective, observational study, and there is a risk of bias due to residual confounding. Conclusions: Although eGFR declines at a similar rate in transplant recipients as in nontransplant controls, recipients have a higher risk of kidney failure and death. Studies are needed to identify preventive measures to improve outcomes in transplant recipients with a failing graft.

Contexte: Peu d'études ont évalué les résultats chez les patients transplantés dont le greffon est défaillant; la majorité des études s'étant plutôt concentrées sur les résultats après la perte du greffon. Objectif: Vérifier si la fonction rénale décline plus rapidement chez les patients transplantés dont le greffon est défaillant que chez les personnes souffrant d'une insuffisance chronique sur reins natifs. Conception: Étude de cohorte rétrospective. Cadre: Alberta, Canada (2002 à 2019). Sujets: Nous avons identifié des patients transplantés dont le greffon est défaillant (défini par deux mesures du débit de filtration glomérulaire estimé [DFGe] de 15-30 ml/min/1,73 m2 à au moins 90 jours d'intervalle). Mesures: Nous avons comparé l'évolution du DFGe dans le temps (DFGe avec intervalles de confiance [IC] à 95 % inférieur et supérieur: ICIDFGeICS) et les rapports de risque d'insuffisance rénale et de décès (intervalles de rapport de risque (RR) lié à la cause: ICIRRICS). Méthodologie: Les transplantés dont le greffon est défaillant (n=575) ont été comparés à des témoins non transplantés (n=575) appariés selon le score de propension et présentant un niveau similaire de dysfonctionnement rénal. Résultats: Le temps médian de suivi potentiel était de 7,8 ans (ÉIQ: 3,6 à 12,1). Les risques d'insuffisance rénale (RR: 1,101,331,60) et de décès (RR: 1,211,592,07) étaient significativement plus élevés chez les transplantés dont le greffon est défaillant, mais le déclin du DFGe au fil du temps était similaire dans les deux groupes (receveurs: -2,60-2,27-1,94 ml/min/1,73 m2 par an; témoins: -2,52-2,21-1,90 ml/min/1,73 m2 par an). Le taux de déclin du DFGe a été associé à une insuffisance rénale terminale, mais pas au décès. Limites: Il s'agit d'une étude observationnelle rétrospective et il existe un risque de biais dû à des facteurs de confusion résiduels. Conclusion: Bien que le DFGe décline à un rythme similaire chez les transplantés dont le greffon est défaillant et les témoins non transplantés, le risque d'insuffisance rénale terminale et de décès est plus élevé pour les transplantés. D'autres études sont nécessaires pour identifier les mesures préventives qui pourraient améliorer les résultats des patients transplantés dont le greffon est défaillant.

Long-Term Outcomes for Living Kidney Donors With Early Guideline-Concordant Follow-up Care: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Current guidelines recommend that living kidney donors receive lifelong annual follow-up care to monitor kidney health. In the United States, the reporting of complete clinical and laboratory data for kidney donors has been mandated for the first 2 years post-donation; however, the long-term impact of early guideline-concordant care remains unclear. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to compare long-term post-donation follow-up care and clinical outcomes of living kidney donors with and without early guideline-concordant follow-up care. Design: Retrospective, population-based cohort study. Setting: Linked health care databases were used to identify kidney donors in Alberta, Canada. Patients: Four hundred sixty living kidney donors who underwent nephrectomy between 2002 and 2013. Measurements: The primary outcome was continued annual follow-up at 5 and 10 years (adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval, LCLaORUCL). Secondary outcomes included mean change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) over time and rates of all-cause hospitalization. Methods: We compared long-term follow-up and clinical outcomes for donors with and without early guideline-concordant care, defined as annual physician visit and serum creatinine and albuminuria measurement for the first 2 years post-donation. Results: Of the 460 donors included in this study, 187 (41%) had clinical and laboratory evidence of guideline-concordant follow-up care throughout the first 2 years post-donation. The odds of receiving annual follow-up for donors without early guideline-concordant care were 76% lower at 5 years (aOR 0.180.240.32) and 68% lower at 10 years (aOR 0.230.320.46) compared with donors with early care. The odds of continuing follow-up remained stable over time for both groups. Early guideline-concordant follow-up care did not appear to substantially influence eGFR or hospitalization rates over the longer term. Limitations: We were unable to confirm whether the lack of physician visits or laboratory data in certain donors was due to physician or patient decisions. Conclusions: Although policies directed toward improving early donor follow-up may encourage continued follow-up, additional strategies may be necessary to mitigate long-term donor risks.

Contexte: Les lignes directrices actuelles recommandent que les donneurs de rein vivants soient suivis annuellement, et ce, à vie, afin de surveiller leur santé rénale. Aux États-Unis, la déclaration des données cliniques et des données de laboratoire complètes pour les donneurs de rein est exigée pour les deux premières années suivant le don. On ignore cependant les répercussions à long terme pour ceux qui reçoivent des soins précoces conformes aux lignes directrices. Objectif: Le principal objectif de cette étude était de comparer les soins de suivi post-don à long terme et les résultats cliniques des donneurs de rein vivants, selon qu'ils avaient reçu ou non des soins de suivi précoces conformes aux recommandations. Type d'étude: Étude de cohorte rétrospective basée sur une population. Cadre: Les banques de données couplées du système de santé ont été utilisées pour identifier les donneurs de rein de l'Alberta (Canada). Sujets: L'étude porte sur 460 donneurs de rein vivants ayant subi leur néphrectomie entre 2002 et 2013. Mesures: Le principal critère d'évaluation était un suivi annuel continu à 5 et à 10 ans post-don (rapport de cotes corrigé avec intervalle de confiance de 95 % [LICRRcLSC]). Les résultats secondaires comprenaient la variation moyenne du débit de filtration glomérulaire estimé (DFGe) au fil du temps et les taux d'hospitalisation toutes causes confondues. Méthodologie: Nous avons comparé le suivi à long terme et les résultats cliniques de donneurs qui avaient reçu ou non des soins précoces conformes aux directives, définis par une visite annuelle chez le médecin et des mesures de la créatinine sérique et de l'albuminurie pour les deux premières années post-don. Résultats: Des 460 donneurs inclus à l'étude, 187 (41 %) disposaient de preuves de suivi conformes aux directives, soit de données cliniques et de laboratoire, pour les deux premières années post-don. Les chances d'avoir un suivi annuel pour les donneurs qui n'avaient pas reçu de soins précoces conformes aux directives étaient de 76 % inférieures à 5 ans (RRc: 0,180,240,32) et de 68 % inférieures à 10 ans (RRc: 0,230,320,46) par rapport aux donneurs qui en avaient reçu. Les chances de poursuivre le suivi sont demeurées stables au fil du temps pour les deux groupes. Le fait d'avoir reçu des soins de suivi précoces conformes aux recommandations ne semble pas avoir eu d'incidence importante sur les mesures de DFGe ou les taux d'hospitalisation à long terme. Limites: Nous n'avons pas été en mesure de confirmer si l'absence de visites chez le médecin ou le manque de données de laboratoire chez certains donneurs était dû à des décisions du médecin ou du patient. Conclusion: Bien que les politiques visant à améliorer le suivi précoce des donneurs d'organes puissent encourager la poursuite du suivi, des stratégies supplémentaires pourraient être nécessaires pour atténuer les risques à long terme pour ces personnes.