ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To study Group B Streptococcus (GBS) isolates associated with different clinical syndromes: asymptomatic carriage in pregnant women, intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), and early onset disease (EOD) in the newborn. METHODS: GBS isolates were collected from asymptomatic pregnant women admitted for labor, IUFD cases, and neonates with EOD. Serotypes and antibiotic susceptibilities were determined. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed to assess genetic epidemiology. RESULTS: GBS carriage rate was 26.1% (280/1074). The dominant serotype among asymptomatic pregnant women was VI [98/240 women (40.8%)], followed by serotypes III, V and IV in 42/240 (17.5%), 30/240 (12.5%) and 28/240 (11.7%) women, respectively. The dominant serotype in IUFD cases was serotype VI [10/13 (76.9%)]. In contrast the prevalent serotype among EOD cases was III [16/19 (84.2%)]. ST-1 was associated with IUFD [7/13 (53.8%)], ST-17 was associated with serotype III and EOD in the newborn 14/19 (73.7%)]. Erythromycin and clindamycin resistance reached 36.8%, 7.7% and 20.0%among EOD, vaginal carriage and IUFD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Serotypes VI and ST-1 were dominant among asymptomatic pregnant women and in IUFD cases while EOD was associated with serotype III and ST-17. Invasive mechanisms thus may differ between IUFD and EOD in the newborn and virulence may be related to capsule serotype. Resistance rates to erythromycin and clindamycin were high in EOD cases.
Subject(s)
Carrier State/diagnosis , Fetal Death , Neonatal Sepsis/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis , Streptococcal Infections/diagnosis , Streptococcus agalactiae/genetics , Adult , Age of Onset , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Carrier State/drug therapy , Carrier State/epidemiology , Carrier State/microbiology , Clindamycin/pharmacology , Clindamycin/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Erythromycin/pharmacology , Erythromycin/therapeutic use , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Multilocus Sequence Typing , Neonatal Sepsis/drug therapy , Neonatal Sepsis/epidemiology , Neonatal Sepsis/microbiology , Polysaccharides, Bacterial/genetics , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/microbiology , Serogroup , Serotyping , Streptococcal Infections/drug therapy , Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology , Streptococcal Infections/microbiology , Streptococcus agalactiae/isolation & purification , Streptococcus agalactiae/pathogenicity , Virulence/genetics , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Microalbuminuria is associated with diabetes and is an independent risk factor for developing diabetic nephropathy. We have previously reported the overall prevalence of normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria to be 51, 39, and 9.8%, respectively, in an unselected population of patients with type 2 diabetes. Renal dysfunction was present in a large proportion of these patients without proteinuria, assessed by a single random albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). We therefore undertook to characterize the nature of this association of non-proteinuric renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In the DEMAND (Developing Education on Microalbuminuria for Awareness of Renal and Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) study, a global, cross-sectional study which described the prevalence and risk factors for albuminuria in a clinic-based cohort, kidney function was assessed in 11,573 patients; ACR was measured using the Bayer reagent strip Multistix® 10SG. Normoalbuminuria was defined as ACR <30 mg/g, microalbuminuria as 30-299 mg/g, and macroalbuminuria as >300 mg/g. RESULTS: Among the patients with estimated kidney function determined, chronic kidney disease was noted in 17% of those with normoalbuminuria (stage 3-5), and significant kidney dysfunction was found in 27% of those with microalbuminuria and 31% of those with overt proteinuria. CrCl was <60 ml/min in 20.5% of normoalbuminurics, 30.7% of microalbuminurics, and 35.0% of macroalbuminurics (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: A large proportion of diabetic patients with completely normal urinary albumin excretion or microalbuminuria presented with significant kidney dysfunction. Therefore, further investigation is warranted.
