ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: We and others show that SOSTDC1 is down-regulated in breast cancer tissues compared to matched normal tissues. Previously, we found that epigenetic mechanisms underlie the down-regulation of SOSTDC1 in gastric cancer cells. The aim of this study was to assess the putative epigenetic regulation of SOSTDC1 expression in breast cancer cells. METHODS: Microarray-based expression profiling was performed in a series of primary breast cancers and matched normal tissues. Real-time PCR was performed to assess SOSTDC1 and E4BP4 mRNA levels in MCF7, BT549, MBMDA231, T47D (breast cancer) and HEK293T (normal kidney) cell lines. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) were performed to assess the methylation level of the SOSTDC1 gene promoter, and 5-Aza 2-deoxycytidine (5'-Aza-dC) treatment was used to induce its demethylation. A luciferase assay was used to measure SOSTDC1 promoter activity in vitro. Stable shRNA-mediated knockdown of E4BP4 was carried out in MCF7 cells and confirmed by Western blotting. Finally, MCF7 cell proliferation and survival were measured by MTS assay. RESULTS: We found that SOSTDC1 is frequently down-regulated in primary breast cancers (98.2%) and in all breast cancer cell lines tested. MSP and BSP analyses revealed SOSTC1 promoter hypermethylation at CpG sites. 5'-Aza-dC treatment induced a striking down-regulation of SOSTDC1 gene expression, whereas BSP analysis showed demethylation of its promoter. Subsequent in silico SOSTDC1 promoter analysis indicated the presence of putative transcriptional repressor E4BP4 binding sites, and promoter deletion studies indeed revealed repressor binding regions encompassing these E4BP4 binding sites. Relative quantification of E4BP4 expression showed an inverse correlation to SOSTDC1 expression in the breast cancer cell lines tested. Exogenous over-expression of E4BP4 in HEK-293 and BT549 cells reduced SOSTDC1 expression and its promoter activity, respectively. Stable shRNA-mediated E4BP4 BT549 and MCF7 knock-down cells treated with 5'-Aza-dC exhibited up-regulation of SOSTDC1 expression and a concomitant inhibition of cell proliferation and survival. CONCLUSION: From our results we conclude that the transcriptional repressor E4BP4 plays a role in repressing epigenetically regulated SOSTDC1 expression in breast cancer cells, which can be reverted by E4BP4 silencing.
Subject(s)
Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Epigenesis, Genetic/physiology , Proteins/metabolism , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing , Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Cell Line , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/genetics , Cell Proliferation/physiology , Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins , MCF-7 Cells , Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to determine radiation, doxorubicin, tamoxifen and letrozole sensitivity of breast cancer cells in response to functional inhibition of the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBE2C. METHODS: Taqman Real time PCR was performed to measure UBE2C levels in breast cancer cell lines and control HBL100 and HEK293T cells. A dominant negative form of UBE2C (DN-UBE2C) was used to functionally inhibit wild type UBE2C. Cell proliferation and anchorage independent growth were measured by colorimetric and soft agar assays, respectively. Radiation, doxorubicin, tamoxifen and letrozole responses of the cell lines were assessed by colorimetric and clonogenic assays. RESULTS: Overexpression of UBE2C was observed in all breast cancer cell lines tested using quantitative real time PCR. UBE2C expression was found to be highest in MDAMB231 and relatively lowest in MCF7 cells, compared to control cells. Both the growth rate and the anchorage independent growth of MCF7 and MDAMB231 cells transfected with DN-UBE2C were significantly reduced compared to cells transfected with vector alone. MCF7 and MDAMB231 cells expressing DN-UBE2C were significantly more sensitive to different doses of radiation and doxorubicin compared to both wild type and vector alone transfected cells. In addition, DN-UBE2C transfected MCF7 cells were more sensitive to inhibition by tamoxifen and letrozole compared to wild type and vector alone transfected cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that inhibition of UBE2C sensitizes breast cancer cells to radiation, doxorubicin and hormone blocking agents. UBE2C may, therefore, serve as a potential therapeutic target aimed at inducing radiation and chemo sensitization.
