Postpartum Primary Care Engagement Using Default Scheduling and Tailored Messaging: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: More than 30% of pregnant people have at least 1 chronic medical condition, and nearly 20% develop gestational diabetes or pregnancy-related hypertension, increasing the risk of future chronic disease. While these individuals are often monitored closely during pregnancy, they face major barriers when transitioning to primary care following delivery, due in part to a lack of health care support for this transition. Objective: To evaluate the impact of an intervention designed to improve postpartum primary care engagement by reducing patient administrative burden and information gaps. Design, Setting, and Participants: An individual-level randomized clinical trial was conducted from November 3, 2022, to October 11, 2023, at 1 hospital-based and 5 community-based outpatient obstetric clinics affiliated with a large academic medical center. Participants included English- and Spanish-speaking pregnant or recently postpartum adults with obesity, anxiety, depression, diabetes, chronic hypertension, gestational diabetes, or pregnancy-related hypertension and a primary care practitioner (PCP) listed in their electronic health record. Intervention: A behavioral economics-informed intervention bundle, including default scheduling of postpartum PCP appointments and tailored messages. Main Outcome and Measures: Completion of a PCP visit for routine or chronic condition care within 4 months of delivery was the primary outcome, ascertained directly by reviewing the patient's electronic health record approximately 5 months after their estimated due date. Intention-to-treat analysis was conducted. Results: A total of 360 patients were randomized (control, 176; intervention, 184). Individuals had a mean (SD) age of 34.1 (4.9) years and median gestational age of 36.3 (IQR, 34.0-38.6) weeks at enrollment. The distribution of self-reported race and ethnicity was 6.8% Asian, 7.4% Black, 68.6% White, and 15.0% multiple races or other. Most participants (75.4%) had anxiety or depression, 16.1% had a chronic or pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder, 19.5% had preexisting or gestational diabetes, and 40.8% had a prepregnancy body mass index of 30 or greater. Medicaid was the primary payer for 21.2% of patients. Primary care practitioner visit completion within 4 months occurred in 22.0% (95% CI, 6.4%-28.8%) of individuals in the control group and 40.0% (95% CI, 33.1%-47.4%) in the intervention group. In regression models accounting for randomization strata, the intervention increased PCP visit completion by 18.7 percentage points (95% CI, 9.1-28.2 percentage points). Intervention participants also had fewer postpartum readmissions (1.7% vs 5.8%) and increased receipt of the following services by a PCP: blood pressure screening (42.8% vs 28.3%), weight assessment (42.8% vs 27.7%), and depression screening (32.8% vs 16.8%). Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this randomized clinical trial suggest that the current lack of support for postpartum transitions to primary care is a missed opportunity to improve recently pregnant individual's short- and long-term health. Reducing patient administrative burdens may represent relatively low-resource, high-impact approaches to improving postpartum health and well-being. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05543265.

Increasing Postpartum Primary Care Engagement through Default Scheduling and Tailored Messaging: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Over 30% of pregnant people have at least one chronic medical condition, and nearly 20% develop gestational diabetes or pregnancy-related hypertension, increasing the risk of future chronic disease. While these individuals are often monitored closely during pregnancy, they face significant barriers when transitioning to primary care following delivery, due in part to a lack of health care support for this transition. Objective: To evaluate the impact of an intervention designed to improve postpartum primary care engagement by reducing patient administrative burden and information gaps. Design: Individual-level randomized controlled trial conducted from November 3, 2022 to October 11, 2023. Setting: One hospital-based and five community-based outpatient obstetric clinics affiliated with a large academic medical center. Participants: Participants included English- and Spanish-speaking pregnant or recently postpartum adults with obesity, anxiety, depression, diabetes mellitus, chronic hypertension, gestational diabetes, or pregnancy-related hypertension, and a primary care practitioner (PCP) listed in their electronic health record (EHR). Intervention: A behavioral economics-informed intervention bundle, including default scheduling of postpartum PCP appointments and tailored messages. Main Outcome: Completion of a PCP visit for routine or chronic condition care within 4 months of delivery. Results: 360 patients were randomized (Control: N=176, Intervention: N=184). Individuals had mean (SD) age 34.1 (4.9) years and median gestational age of 36.3 weeks (interquartile range (IQR) 34.0-38.6 weeks) at enrollment. The distribution of self-reported races was 7.4% Asian, 6.8% Black, 15.0% multiple races or "Other," and 68.6% White. Most (75.8%) participants had anxiety or depression, 15.9% had a chronic or pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder, 19.8% had pre-existing or gestational diabetes, and 40.4% had a pre-pregnancy BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Medicaid was the primary payer for 21.9% of patients. PCP visit completion within 4 months occurred in 22.0% in the control group and 40.0% in the intervention group. In regression models accounting for randomization strata, the intervention increased PCP visit completion by 18.7 percentage points (95%CI 10.7-29.1). Intervention participants also had fewer postpartum readmissions (1.7 vs. 5.8%) and increased receipt of the following services by a PCP: blood pressure screening (42.8 vs. 28.3%), weight assessment (42.8 vs. 27.7%), and depression screening (32.8 vs. 16.8%). Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized trial of pregnant individuals with or at risk for chronic health conditions, default PCP visit scheduling, tailored messages, and reminders substantially improved postpartum primary care engagement. The current lack of support for postpartum transitions to primary care is a missed opportunity to improve recently pregnant individual's short- and long-term health. Reducing patient administrative burdens may represent relatively low-resource, high-impact approaches to improving postpartum health and wellbeing. Trial Registration: NCT05543265.

Disparities in Quality of Primary Care by Resident and Staff Physicians: Is There a Conflict Between Training and Equity?

BACKGROUND: Outpatient primary care experience is vital to internal medicine resident training but may impact quality and equity of care delivered in practices that include resident physicians. Understanding whether quality differences exist among resident and staff primary care physicians (PCPs) may present an opportunity to address health disparities within academic medical centers. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are differences in the quality of primary care provided by resident PCPs compared to staff PCPs. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study with a propensity-matched analysis. PARTICIPANTS: 143,274 patients, including 10,870 patients managed by resident PCPs, seen in 16 primary care practices affiliated with an academic medical center. MAIN MEASURES: Guideline-concordant chronic disease management of diabetes (HbA1c, LDL) and coronary artery disease (LDL), preventive breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening, and resource utilization measures including emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, high-cost imaging, and patient-reported health experience. KEY RESULTS: At baseline, there were significant differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between resident and staff physician patients. Resident patients were less likely to achieve chronic disease and preventive cancer screening outcome measures including LDL at goal (adjusted OR [aOR] 0.77 [95% CI 0.65, 0.92]) for patients with coronary artery disease; HbA1c at goal (aOR 0.73 [95% CI 0.62, 0.85]) for patients with diabetes; breast (aOR 0.56 [95% CI 0.49, 0.63]), cervical (aOR 0.66 [95% CI 0.60, 0.74]), and colorectal (aOR 0.72 [95% CI 0.65, 0.79] cancer screening. Additionally, resident patients had higher rates of ED visits and hospitalizations but lower rates of high-cost imaging. Resident patients reported lower rates of satisfaction with certain access to care and communication measures. Similar outcomes were noted in propensity-matched sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: After controlling for differences in sociodemographic and clinical factors, resident patients were less likely to achieve chronic disease and preventive cancer screening outcomes compared to staff patients. Further efforts to address ambulatory trainee education and primary care quality along with novel approaches to the management of the disproportionately disadvantaged resident patient panels are needed.

Improving Ambulatory Training in Internal Medicine: X + Y (or Why Not?).

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requirement that internal medicine residents spend one-third of their training in an ambulatory setting has resulted in programmatic innovation across the country. The traditional weekly half-day clinic model has lost ground to the block or "X + Y" clinic model, which has gained in popularity for many reasons. Several disadvantages of the block model have been reported, however, and residency programs are caught between the threat of old and new challenges. We offer the perspectives of three large residency programs (University of Washington, Emory University, and Massachusetts General Hospital) that have successfully navigated scheduling challenges in our individual settings without implementing the block model. By sharing our innovative non-block models, we hope to demonstrate that programs can and should create the solution that fits their individual needs.

Shared Decision Making in Common Chronic Conditions: Impact of a Resident Training Workshop.

PROBLEM: Physicians must be competent in several different kinds of communication skills in order to implement shared decision making; however, these skills are not part of routine medical student education, nor are they formally taught during residency training. INTERVENTION: We developed a 1- and 2-hour workshop curriculum for internal medicine residents to promote shared decision making in treatment decisions for four common chronic conditions: diabetes, depression, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The workshops included a written case exercise, a short didactic presentation on shared decision-making concepts and strategies for risk communication, and two role-playing exercises focused on decision making for depression and hyperlipidemia treatment. CONTEXT: We delivered the workshop as a required component of the resident curriculum in ambulatory medicine. To evaluate the impact of the workshop, we used written course evaluations, tracked the use of the newly introduced Decision Worksheets, and asked preceptors to perform direct observation of treatment decision conversations. OUTCOME: Residents were involved in the development of the workshop and helped identify key content, suggested framing for difficult topics, and confirmed the need for the skills workshop. One hundred thirty internal medicine and medicine-pediatrics residents attended 8 workshops over a 4-month period. In written cases completed before the workshop, the majority of residents indicated that they would discuss medications, but few mentioned other treatment options or documented patients' goals and preferences in a sample encounter note with a patient with new depression symptoms. Overall, most participants (89.7%) rated the workshop as excellent or very good, and 93.5% said that they would change their practice based on what they learned. Decision Worksheets addressing diabetes, depression, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension were available on a primary care-focused intranet site and were downloaded almost 1,200 times in the first 8 months following the workshops. Preceptors were able to observe only one consult during which one of the four topics was discussed. LESSONS LEARNED: Internal medicine residents had considerable gaps in shared decision-making skills as measured in a baseline written exercise. Residents provided valuable contributions to the development of a Decision Worksheet to be used at the point of care. Participants rated the skills workshop highly, though interns rated the exercise more useful than PGY-2 and PGY-3 residents did. The Decision Worksheets were accessed often following the sessions; however, observing the Decision Worksheets in use in real time was a challenge in the resident-faculty clinic. Additional studies are warranted to examine whether the workshop was successful in increasing residents' ability to implement skills in practice.

Clinical correlates of suicidal thoughts in patients with advanced cancer.

OBJECTIVE: : Cancer patients are at heightened risk of suicide. Clinical correlates of suicidal ideation in advanced cancer patients were examined to identify those at risk and to inform the development of interventions to reduce suicidal ideation in this vulnerable group. METHODS: : Coping with Cancer (CwC) is an NCI- and NIMH-funded multiinstitutional investigation examining psychosocial influences on the quality of life and care of advanced cancer patients. Baseline face-to-face interviews that assessed mental and physical functioning, coping, spirituality, and use of mental health services were conducted with 700 advanced cancer patients. RESULTS: : Compared with patients without suicidal ideation, the 8.9% of patients who reported suicidal thoughts were more likely to be white and report no affiliation with an organized religion (p < 0.05). Adjusted analyses revealed that cancer patients who met criteria for current panic disorder (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 3.24 [1.01-10.4]) and posttraumatic stress disorder (3.97 [1.13-14.1]), who accessed mental health services (3.70 [2.07-6.67]), particularly psychotherapy (2.62 [1.20-5.71]), who were not feeling well physically, and who lacked a sense of self-efficacy, spirituality, and being supported were more likely than others to report thoughts of suicide (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: : Advanced cancer patients who report suicidal thoughts are more likely to meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder and panic disorder, feel unsupported, lack a religious affiliation, spirituality, and a sense of self-efficacy, and experience more physical distress. Palliative care interventions that promote a sense of self-efficacy, spirituality, and support while minimizing physical distress may offer promise for reducing suicidal thoughts in this at-risk group.

Associations between end-of-life discussions, patient mental health, medical care near death, and caregiver bereavement adjustment.

CONTEXT: Talking about death can be difficult. Without evidence that end-of-life discussions improve patient outcomes, physicians must balance their desire to honor patient autonomy against a concern of inflicting psychological harm. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether end-of-life discussions with physicians are associated with fewer aggressive interventions. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A US multisite, prospective, longitudinal cohort study of patients with advanced cancer and their informal caregivers (n = 332 dyads), September 2002-February 2008. Patients were followed up from enrollment to death, a median of 4.4 months later. Bereaved caregivers' psychiatric illness and quality of life was assessed a median of 6.5 months later. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Aggressive medical care (eg, ventilation, resuscitation) and hospice in the final week of life. Secondary outcomes included patients' mental health and caregivers' bereavement adjustment. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-three of 332 (37.0%) patients reported having end-of-life discussions before baseline. Such discussions were not associated with higher rates of major depressive disorder (8.3% vs 5.8%; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-3.32), or more worry (mean McGill score, 6.5 vs 7.0; P = .19). After propensity-score weighted adjustment, end-of-life discussions were associated with lower rates of ventilation (1.6% vs 11.0%; adjusted OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.08-0.83), resuscitation (0.8% vs 6.7%; adjusted OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03-0.80), ICU admission (4.1% vs 12.4%; adjusted OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.14-0.90), and earlier hospice enrollment (65.6% vs 44.5%; adjusted OR, 1.65;95% CI, 1.04-2.63). In adjusted analyses, more aggressive medical care was associated with worse patient quality of life (6.4 vs 4.6; F = 3.61, P = .01) and higher risk of major depressive disorder in bereaved caregivers (adjusted OR, 3.37; 95% CI, 1.12-10.13), whereas longer hospice stays were associated with better patient quality of life (mean score, 5.6 vs 6.9; F = 3.70, P = .01). Better patient quality of life was associated with better caregiver quality of life at follow-up (beta = .20; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: End-of-life discussions are associated with less aggressive medical care near death and earlier hospice referrals. Aggressive care is associated with worse patient quality of life and worse bereavement adjustment.

Peaceful awareness in patients with advanced cancer.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that prognostic awareness may be harmful to mental health yet beneficial for end of life care planning. The effects of prognostic awareness coupled with a sense of inner peace are unknown. METHODS: In the multisite, longitudinal Coping with Cancer Study, 280 patients with advanced cancer were interviewed at baseline. Patients defining themselves as "terminally ill" and/or "at peace" most days were paired with others on sociodemographic, mental health and advance care planning. Primary caregivers of deceased patients were interviewed 6 months postloss and compared on their physical and mental health and their perceptions of patients' end-of-life care and death. RESULTS: Overall, 17.5% of patients reported being both peaceful and aware. Peacefully aware patients had lower rates of psychological distress and higher rates of advance care planning (e.g., completing do-not-resuscitate [DNR] orders, advance care planning discussions with physicians) than those who were not peacefully aware. Additionally, peacefully aware patients had the highest overall quality of death as reported by their caretakers in a postmortem evaluation. Surviving caregivers of peacefully aware patients were more physically and mentally healthy 6 months postloss than caregivers of patients who were "aware" but not peaceful. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with advanced cancer who are peacefully aware have better mental health and quality of death outcomes, and their surviving caregivers have better bereavement outcomes. Peaceful awareness is associated with modifiable aspects of medical care (e.g., discussions about terminal treatment preferences).