ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Current guidelines provide weak recommendations for starting enteral nutrition (EN) in patients with septic shock (on vasopressor support). Outcomes of patients receiving EN in septic shock on vasopressor support have not been well studied. We hypothesize that early trophic EN in mechanically ventilated patients with septic shock is associated with improved outcomes. METHODS: Single-center retrospective study of mechanically ventilated patients admitted with septic shock to identify patients receiving (1) no EN, (2) <600 kcal/d within 48 hours, and (3) ≥600 kcal/d within 48 hours. Outcomes studied included in-hospital mortality, length of intensive care unit stay (LOS), duration of mechanical ventilation (DOMV), and complications of feeding intolerance. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients were identified. In all, 15 received no EN, 37 received <600 kcal/d, and 14 received ≥600 kcal/d EN daily. Median LOS was 12, 5, and 13 days, respectively. The LOS was lower in patients receiving <600 kcal/d when compared to either no EN (P < .001) or those receiving ≥600 kcal/d (P < .001). Median DOMV was lower in patients receiving <600 kcal/d (median 3, P < .001) as compared to no EN (median 7, P < .001) or those receiving ≥600 kcal/d (median 7.5, P < .001). Mortality was not different. There were no significant complications among groups. CONCLUSION: In patients with septic shock, those receiving <600 kcal/d EN within 48 hours had lower DOMV and LOS when compared to those who did not receive EN or those who received ≥600 kcal/d. These observations provide strong justification for prospective evaluation of the effect of early trophic EN in patients with septic shock.
Subject(s)
Critical Care , Critical Illness/therapy , Enteral Nutrition , Intensive Care Units , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Respiration, Artificial , Shock, Septic/therapy , Adult , Aged , Energy Intake , Enteral Nutrition/methods , Female , Hospital Mortality , Humans , Linear Models , Male , Middle Aged , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Shock, Septic/mortality , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The influence of scaffold compliance on blood vessel tissue engineering remains unclear and compliance mismatch issues are important to an in vivo tissue-engineering approach. We have designed and constructed a modular bioreactor system that is capable of imparting pulsatile fluid flow while simultaneously measuring vessel distension with fluid pressure changes in real time. The setup uses a pneumatic PID control system to generate variable fluid pressure profiles via LabVIEW and an LED micrometer to monitor vessel distension to an accuracy of +/-2 microm. The bioreactor was used to measure the compliance of elastomeric poly(1,8-octanediol citrate) (POC) scaffolds over physiologically relevant pressure ranges. The compliance of POC scaffolds could be adjusted by changing polymerization conditions resulting in scaffolds with compliance values that ranged from 3.8 +/- 0.2 to 15.6 +/- 4.6%/mmHg x 10(-2), depending on the distension pressures applied. Furthermore, scaffolds that were incubated in phosphate-buffered saline for 4 weeks exhibited a linear increase in compliance (2.6 +/- 0.9 to 7.7 +/- 1.2%/mmHg x 10(-2)) and were able to withstand normal physiological blood pressure without bursting. The ability to tailor scaffold compliance and easily measure vessel compliance in real time in vitro will improve our understanding of the role of scaffold compliance on vascular cell processes.
