The Efficacy and Safety of Sofosbuvir and Daclatasvir Treatment in Children and Adolescents With Thalassemia and Hepatitis C Virus Infection.

Background/Aim: Thalassemia patients are susceptible to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection due to blood transfusions. Currently, data on treating HCV in thalassemic children with direct-acting antivirals is lacking. This study was performed to determine the efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir-daclatasvir combination therapy in thalassemic children and adolescents. Methods: A nonrandomized, open-label, interventional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital. Consecutive noncirrhotic treatment-naïve thalassemic patients with HCV infection with viremia, within the age group of 6-18 years, were treated with the combination of sofosbuvir-daclatasvir: 200 mg + 30 mg for age 6-11 years (Group A) and 400 mg + 60 mg for age 12-18 years (Group B). The primary endpoint was sustained virological response at 12 weeks (SVR12). Results: A total of 70 patients (Group A 45, 64% male; Group B 25, 40% male) were recruited. The mean age was 8.5 years and 13.9 years in the two groups. Mean HCV Ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels in Groups A and B were 446906.1 IU/ml and 256187.8 IU/ml, respectively. SVR12 was achieved in 43 of 45 (95.5%) patients on an intention-to-treat basis and 43 of 44 (97.7%) patients on a perprotocol basis in Group A, and all patients in Group B (100%). In both groups, there was a significant improvement in biochemical parameters. Among the two patients who did not achieve SVR12 in Group A, one required termination of therapy due to urticaria. Conclusion: Sofosbuvir-daclatasvir based treatment in noncirrhotic, treatment-naive thalassemic children and adolescents infected with HCV is effective and safe.

A self-reported survey on the implementation of infection prevention and control elements in Indian hospitals, part of a HAI surveillance network: Results from 23 hospitals conducting a standardized IPC assessment.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are one of the most common adverse events in patient care that account for substantial morbidity and mortality. We evaluate the existing Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) practices in hospitals participating in the nationally representative HAI Surveillance network. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in 23 hospitals across 22 states of India from October-2015 to September-2018 in the HAI surveillance network. The World Health Organization (WHO) IPC core components assessment tool for health-care facility level (IPCAT-H) was adapted from IPC assessment tool developed by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) under the Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity (ELC) Infection Control Assessment and Response (ICAR) Program. Mann-Whitney U test was used to calculate the significant difference between scores (P < .05). RESULTS: Amongst the participating hospitals, 7 were private sectors and 16 were public health care facilities. Infection IPCAT-H average score per multimodal strategy was less than 50% for programmed IPC activities (45.7); implementation of health care workers (HCWs) immunization programme (43.5%); monitoring and evaluation component (38.30%). CONCLUSIONS: There is potential for improvement in Human Resources, Surveillance of HAIs as well as Monitoring and Evaluation components.

Health-care-associated bloodstream and urinary tract infections in a network of hospitals in India: a multicentre, hospital-based, prospective surveillance study.

BACKGROUND: Health-care-associated infections (HAIs) cause significant morbidity and mortality globally, including in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Networks of hospitals implementing standardised HAI surveillance can provide valuable data on HAI burden, and identify and monitor HAI prevention gaps. Hospitals in many LMICs use HAI case definitions developed for higher-resourced settings, which require human resources and laboratory and imaging tests that are often not available. METHODS: A network of 26 tertiary-level hospitals in India was created to implement HAI surveillance and prevention activities. Existing HAI case definitions were modified to facilitate standardised, resource-appropriate surveillance across hospitals. Hospitals identified health-care-associated bloodstream infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs) and reported clinical and microbiological data to the network for analysis. FINDINGS: 26 network hospitals reported 2622 health-care-associated bloodstream infections and 737 health-care-associated UTIs from 89 intensive care units (ICUs) between May 1, 2017, and Oct 31, 2018. Central line-associated bloodstream infection rates were highest in neonatal ICUs (>20 per 1000 central line days). Catheter-associated UTI rates were highest in paediatric medical ICUs (4·5 per 1000 urinary catheter days). Klebsiella spp (24·8%) were the most frequent organism in bloodstream infections and Candida spp (29·4%) in UTIs. Carbapenem resistance was common in Gram-negative infections, occurring in 72% of bloodstream infections and 76% of UTIs caused by Klebsiella spp, 77% of bloodstream infections and 76% of UTIs caused by Acinetobacter spp, and 64% of bloodstream infections and 72% of UTIs caused by Pseudomonas spp. INTERPRETATION: The first standardised HAI surveillance network in India has succeeded in implementing locally adapted and context-appropriate protocols consistently across hospitals and has been able to identify a large number of HAIs. Network data show high HAI and antimicrobial resistance rates in tertiary hospitals, showing the importance of implementing multimodal HAI prevention and antimicrobial resistance containment strategies. FUNDING: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cooperative agreement with All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. TRANSLATION: For the Hindi translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Contrasting Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Lineages across Multiple Rounds of Pandemic Waves in West Bengal, the Gateway of East and North-East States of India.

The evolution of viral variants and their impact on viral transmission have been an area of considerable importance in this pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We analyzed the viral variants in different phases of the pandemic in West Bengal, a state in India that is important geographically, and compared the variants with other states like Delhi, Maharashtra, and Karnataka, located in other regions of the country. We have identified 57 pango-lineages in 3,198 SARS-CoV-2 genomes, alteration in their distribution, as well as contrasting profiles of amino acid mutational dynamics across different waves in different states. The evolving characteristics of Delta (B.1.617.2) sublineages and alterations in hydrophobicity profiles of the viral proteins caused by these mutations were also studied. Additionally, implications of predictive host miRNA binding/unbinding to emerging spike or nucleocapsid mutations were highlighted. Our results throw considerable light on interesting aspects of the viral genomic variation and provide valuable information for improved understanding of wave-defining mutations in unfolding the pandemic. IMPORTANCE Multiple waves of infection were observed in many states in India during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic. Fine-scale evolution of major SARS-CoV-2 lineages and sublineages during four wave-window categories: Pre-Wave 1, Wave 1, Pre-Wave 2, and Wave 2 in four major states of India: Delhi (North), Maharashtra (West), Karnataka (South), and West Bengal (East) was studied using large-scale virus genome sequencing data. Our comprehensive analysis reveals contrasting molecular profiles of the wave-defining mutations and their implications in host miRNA binding/unbinding of the lineages in the major states of India.

In-vitro antiviral action of Eupatorium perfoliatum against dengue virus infection: Modulation of mTOR signaling and autophagy.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Dengue virus (DENV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has recently engendered large epidemics around the world. Consequently antivirals with effective anti-DENV therapeutic activity are urgently required. In the 18th century, Europeans, as well as native inhabitants of North America, were known to adapt the medicinal property of the common perennial plant Eupatorium perfoliatum L. to treat fever and infections. Previous studies have shown that Eupatorium perfoliatum L. possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-plasmodial, anti-bacterial and antiviral activities. However, to the best of our knowledge, no anti-DENV activity of E. perfoliatum L. has been investigated at the molecular level so far. AIM OF STUDY: Here, for the first time we have attempted to study the action of E. perfoliatum extract and its few bioactive components i.e., quercetin, caffeic acid and eupafolin against wild primary clinical isolate of DENV-2 infection in an in vitro model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The presence of the bioactive components in the E. perfoliatum extract, were analyzed by HPLC- DAD. Then, CC50 as well as IC50 values of the extract and its bioactive components were measured against DENV in HepG2 cell line. After that, the antiviral activity was studied by Time of addition assay using qRT-PCR. Further, the downstream signalling action of E. perfoliatum extract, was studied by Human phosphorylation MAPK antibody array, followed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Moreover, a molecular docking analysis was done to study the binding affinity of bioactive components of E. perfoliatum extract with TIM-1 transmembrane receptor protein, which is known for viral internalization. RESULT: We found that E. perfoliatum extract has marked antiviral activity during pre-treatment against DENV infection in HepG2 cell line. The extract also significantly reduced the DENV induced autophagy in HepG2 cell line as detected by LC3 II localization. The presence of different bioactive compounds in E. perfoliatum extract were confirmed by HPLC-DAD. In the bioactive components, in parallel to earlier studies, quercetin showed the most significant preventive action against DENV infection. Further, in molecular docking analysis also, quercetin showed the strongest binding affinity towards DENV membrane receptor TIM-1 protein. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggests that E. perfoliatum extract has significant potential to be an anti-DENV therapeutic agent. Moreover, among the bioactive components, quercetin may have a prophylaxis role in executing the antiviral activity of E. perfoliatum extract against DENV infection.

Self-reported survey on infection prevention and control structures in healthcare facilities part of a national level healthcare associated infection surveillance network in India, 2019.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) are prevalent and difficult to treat worldwide. Most HAIs can be prevented by effective implementation of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures. A survey was conducted to assess the existing IPC practices across a network of Indian Hospitals using the World Health Organization designed self-assessment IPC Assessment Framework (IPCAF) tool. METHODS: This was a cross sectional observation study. Thirty-two tertiary care public and private facilities, part of the existing Indian HAI surveillance network was included. Data collected was analyzed by a central team at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, a tertiary care hospital of India. The WHO questionnaire tool was used to understand the capacity and efforts to implement IPC practices across the network. RESULTS: The overall median score of IPCAF across the network was 620. Based on the final IPCAF score of the facilities; 13% hospitals had basic IPC practices, 28% hospitals had intermediate and 59% hospitals had advanced IPC practices. The component multimodal strategies had the broadest range of score while the component IPC guidelines had the narrowest one. CONCLUSIONS: Quality improvement training for IPC nurses and healthcare professionals are needed to be provided to health facilities.

Expert Consensus Document on Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Adaptation of 2012 ESC Guidelines.

In 2012, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines provided recommendations on the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The recommendation from these guidelines is restricted to the European subcontinent. To adapt the updated recommendations for Indian subset of STEMI patients, a panel of experts in the management of STEMI provided their expert opinions. This document provides expert consensus on adapting 2012 ESC STEMI guidelines recommendations in Indian setting. Document also discussed "India-specific" relevant literature to support the consensus opinions provided in the management of STEMI.

Preterm delivery and neonatal meningitis due to transplacental acquisition of non-typhoidal Salmonella serovar montevideo.

A male infant was born at 34 weeks' gestation to a primigravida mother. The mother had a history of 1 day of diarrhoea and mild fever 8 days prior to delivery. Her blood culture was negative during the illness and her stool did not grow any pathological organism. The baby had poor feeding during the first day of his life followed by hypoglycaemia and episodes of seizure on day 2 and 3 of life. Blood culture of the baby and placental swab from the mother grew Salmonella serovar montevideo. Both baby and mother were treated with a course of cephalosporin for 21 and 7 days, respectively. Although non-typhoidal Salmonella often causes gastroenteritis in normal humans, it can cause invasive diseases in immunocompromised hosts and people at extremes of ages. Transplacental spread of Salmonella needs consideration in favourable epidemiological scenarios as its implications on fetal and newborn's life are serious.

Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in cases of abnormal vaginal discharge: comparison of clinical and microbiological criteria.

INTRODUCTION: Bacterial vaginosis is a polymicrobial syndrome involving replacement of normal vaginal hydrogen peroxide producing lactobacilli by a variety of mycoplasmas and Gram-negative rods. Bacterial vaginosis has been conventionally diagnosed using Amsel criteria (a clinical method) or Nugent's score (a laboratory method with higher reproducibility). This study was undertaken to compare the diagnostic ability of the Amsel criteria with that of Nugent's score among patients presenting with abnormal vaginal discharge. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted at the Medical College in Kolkata, India to determine the prevalence of patients with bacterial vaginosis and their demographic profile. Subjects attending the outpatient department presenting with abnormal vaginal discharge were evaluated for the presence of bacterial vaginosis by Amsel criteria and Nugent's score. RESULTS: Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was 24% by Nugent's score. In comparison, Amsel criteria had sensitivity of 66.67%, specificity of 94.74%, positive predictive value of 80% and negative predictive value of 90%. There was no perfect inter-rater agreement between the Amsel criteria and Nugent's score (Kappa = 0.58). Presence of clue cells correlated best with a positive diagnosis by Nugent's score while the amine test (whiff test) had the lowest correlation. CONCLUSION: Although the Amsel criteria method is a convenient and inexpensive means of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis, it is not always reliable.  Alternative reliable and inexpensive diagnostic methods that unify clinical and microbiological parameters, thus increasing sensitivity while retaining specificity, are needed.

Experimental analysis of antimicrobial action of dicyclomine hydrochloride.

Dicyclomine hydrochloride is an antispasmodic agent. The MIC of dicyclomine against standard strains of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were performed by NCCLS broth dilution technique. These drugs showed a rapid killing action on Gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571, 8530 and several other reference strains. The killing effect against Gram negative bacteria, Shigella boydii 8 NCTC 254/66 and Salmonella typhimurium NCTC 74 showed that the drug was bacteriostatic with respect to these strains. High rate of killing was achieved for most strains of Gram positive bacteria within 2 h. When administered to Swiss strain of white mice at doses of 30 and 60 microg/g of mouse, the drug could significantly protect the animals challenged with 50 MLD of Salmonella typhimurium NCTC 74. According to chi2 test, the in vivo data were highly significant (p<0.001). Since dicyclomine showed a remarkable inhibitory action against several pathogenic bacteria, in the course of time, it may be developed as a potent antimicrobial agent for many bacterial infections.

Antimycobacterial activity of the antiinflammatory agent diclofenac sodium, and its synergism with streptomycin

Diclofenac sódico, um agente antiinflamatório, mostrou ação inibitória marcante contra isolados clínicos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensíveis e resistentes à drogas, bem como contra outras micobactérias. A droga foi testada in vitro contra 45 cepas diferentes de micobactérias, sendo que a maioria foi inibida pela droga na concentração de 10-25 µg/ml. Quando testado in vitro, diclofenac injetado em ratos albinos da linhagem Swiss, na proporção de 10 µg/g de peso corporal, provocou proteção significativa dos animais desafiados com metade da dose letal de M. tuberculosis H37 Rv 102. De acordo com o teste c2, os dados in vivo foram altamente significativos (p < 0,01). Diclofenac foi posteriormente testado quanto ao sinergismo com a droga antimicobacteriana convencional estreptomicina, frente a M. smegmatis 798. Quando comparado aos seus efeitos individuais, o sinergismo foi estatisticamente significativo (p < 0,05). Através da análise checkerboard, o índice fracional de concentração inibitória para essa combinação foi 0,37, confirmando o sinergismo.

Evaluation of synergism between the aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin and the cardiovascular agent amlodipine.

Amlodipine, a cardiovascular drug, exhibited remarkable antibacterial action in vitro against 504 bacterial strains belonging to both Gram positive and Gram negative genera, as well as in vivo against a mouse-virulent bacterium. Based on such findings, the present study was undertaken to determine whether the efficacy of this non-antibiotic drug could be enhanced in the presence of any antibiotic. Twelve bacterial strains, sensitive to amlodipine as well as to 6 antibiotics, viz., benzyl penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin were chosen. Disc diffusion test with amlodipine and streptomycin revealed marked synergism between the combination, compared with their individual effects. The synergism was found to be statistically significant (p<0.01). To assess the degree of synergy, the checkerboard analysis was performed. The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index of this combination turned out to be 0.24, which confirmed synergism. This antibiotic-non-antibiotic pair was then administered to mice, challenged with S. typhimurium to determine whether this was effective in vivo. Statistical analysis of the mouse protection tests suggested that the combination was highly synergistic (p<0.001), according to Student's t-test. This synergistic drug combination may help us in enhancing the scope of prolonged antibiotic therapy in various types of infections, and might open a new therapeutic approach to combat drug resistance in bacterial diseases.