Rachianesthésie en ambulatoire au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Andrainjato Fianarantsoa, Madagascar: tolérance et efficacité / Ambulatory spinal anaesthesia at the Andrainjato University Hospital of Fianarantsoa, Madagascar: tolerance and effectiveness

La rachianesthésie ambulatoire est une des méthodes d'anesthésies loco- régionales de plus en plus utilisées car permet une réhabilitation précoce. L'objectif de l'étude est d'évaluer la tolérance et l'efficacité de la rachianesthésie réalisée en ambulatoire. Méthodes : Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective, analytique réalisée au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Andrainjato Fianarantsoa pendant cinq ans (du mois de janvier 2016 au mois de décembre 2020). La tolérance de la rachianesthésie était évaluée par la fréquence et la gravité des incidents peropératoires et complications postopératoires. Son efficacité était estimée par le taux de sortie le jour de l'intervention et la ré-hospitalisation. Résultats : Soixante-quatre patients âgés de 44 [14-85] ans ont bénéficié d'une chirurgie viscérale, gynécologique, traumatologique ou vasculaire sous rachianesthésie. L'hypotension artérielle (n=04) et les nausées et vomissements peropératoires (n = 01) étaient les incidents retrouvés. Les complications postopératoires étaient la céphalée (n = 13), la douleur postopératoire d'intensité modérée à intense (n = 05) et les nausées et vomissements (n = 02). L'âge supérieur à 50 ans (p = 0,012) et une dose supérieure à 12 mg de bupivacaïne (p = 0,011) étaient corrélés à l'hypotension artérielle peropératoire. Le genre féminin (p = 0,004) et l'utilisation de la bupivacaïne hyperbare (p = 0,027) étaient associés aux complications postopératoires. Tous ces patients étaient sortis le jour même de l'intervention sans ré-hospitalisation. Conclusion : La rachianesthésie ambulatoire connaît actuellement un grand essor dans la pratique anesthésique. La prévention de certaines complications devrait être systématique afin d'optimiser sa tolérance et son efficacité

Tolérance et efficacité de la ligature des varices œsophagiennes au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Andrainjato, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar / Tolerance and efficacy of esophageal varices ligation at the Andrainjato teaching hospital, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar

Introduction: La ligature des varices œsophagiennes constitue un des piliers de la prise en charge de l'hémorragie digestive par rupture des varices œsophagiennes. Cette étude a pour objectif d'analyser la tolérance et l'efficacité de la ligature des varices œsophagiennes dans un échantillon de patients au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Andrainjato Fianarantsoa, Madagascar. Méthodes: Une étude prospective, observationnelle longitudinale sur une période de 21 mois (mois de janvier 2018 au mois d'août 2019) a été réalisée. Le test de Khi carré a été utilisé pour déterminer les corrélations (SPSS® v22). Résultats : Trente-et-un patients à prédominance masculine (sex ratio 1,5), âgés de 43,0 ± 9,0 ans, ont été retenus et 67 séances de ligatures de varices œsophagiennes ont été effectuées. La prophylaxie secondaire était l'indication de la ligature dans 96,8 % (n = 30) des cas. Les varices œsophagiennes étaient de grade III dans 64,4 % (n = 20) des cas. Toutes les ligatures ont été réalisées sous anesthésie générale. Le nombre de bandes élastiques utilisées était de 3,4 ± 1,1. La bonne tolérance de la ligature élastique était de 97,0 % (n = 65) lors de la procédure et de 58,0 % (n = 39) en post-procédure. La douleur thoracique post-procédure était observée dans 65,7 % (n = 44) des cas. L'éradication était obtenue après 3 séances dans 6,45 % (n = 2) des cas et 58,1 % (n = 18) étaient en cours d'éradication après 1,7 ± 0,9 séances. Conclusion : Cette étude a pu déterminer que la ligature des varices œsophagiennes est une technique bien tolérée et efficace dans la prévention de l'hémorragie digestive par rupture des varices œsophagiennes malgré certains inconvénients postopératoires

[Efficacy and tolerance of direct-acting antiviral drugs for the treatment of hepatitis C in Joseph Raseta Befelatanana Teaching Hospital in Antananarivo, Madagascar]. / Efficacité et tolérance des antiviraux à action directe dans le traitement de l'hépatite C au CHU Joseph Raseta Befelatanana d'Antananarivo, Madagascar.

Objective: Our work aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of direct-acting antiviral drugs in the treatment of hepatitis C in Madagascar. Methods: This retrospective clinical study was carried out from March 2018 to February 2020 in the hepato-gastro-enterology department of the University Hospital Center Joseph Raseta de Befelatanana. Results: A total of 35 patients were included, out of which 24 received sofosbuvir/ledipasvir ± ribavirin, 10 sofosbuvir/ribavirin and one sofosbuvir/velpatasvir. Thirty-three patients were naïve to the treatment and 2 patients were initially treated with the sofosbuvir/ledipasvir combination. The sustained virologic response was 94% (33/35) in the general population, 23/25 in cirrhotic patients and 10/10 in non-cirrhotic patients. The sustained virologic response was 22/24 for sofosbuvir/ledipasvir ± ribavirin, 10/10 for sofosbuvir/ribavirin and 1/1 for sofosbuvir/velpatasvir. Adverse effects were observed in 13 patients, mainly asthenia and insomnia. Discussion: The small number of patients with hepatitis C treatments and their limited financial resources are the main limits of this survey. Conclusion: Direct-acting antivirals are effective and characterized by good tolerance in these Malagasy hepatitis C patients.

[Helicobacter pylori: what eradication regimen in a tropical area after the failure of two separate lines of eradication including metronidazole and clarithromycin?]. / Helicobacter pylori : quel traitement d'éradication en cas d'échec de deux lignes de traitement comprenant le métronidazole et la clarithromycine en zone tropicale ?

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) resistance against antibiotics is a major challenge, particularly in developing countries. We report a case of H. pylori infection where eradication by two lines of treatment, one including metronidazole and the other clarithromycin, failed, and discuss the management of such a case in a tropical area. This 55-year-old man complained of epigastric pain dating back for three years. A stool antigen test for H. pylori was positive. First-line eradication therapy, which combined a proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin and metronidazole, was unsuccessful, as was the second-line therapy, which replaced metronidazole by clarithromycin. Third-line treatment, which still included a proton pump inhibitor and amoxicillin but added levofloxacin was successful. A stool antigen test to verify eradication was finally negative. In developing countries, H. pylori eradication must be managed rationally. In particular, fluoroquinolones must be reserved for treatment failure. The stool antigen test appears to be a useful and economical alternative to the urea breath test for verifying eradication.

[Post-malaria neurological syndrome complicating a Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Madagascar]. / Syndrome neurologique postpaludisme compliquant un paludisme simple à Plasmodium falciparum à Madagascar.

Post-malaria neurological syndrome is a rare complication of malaria. Typically, it occurs in case of severe malaria. Here we report a case in a Malagasy patient presenting a non-severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria complicated by post-malaria neurological syndrome. The management of such a syndrome is radically different from non-severe malaria. No specific treatment is needed.

Les tests de diagnostic rapide du paludisme en pratique quotidienne

Le paludisme reste un probleme de sante publique mondial; plus particulierement en Afrique. En 2010; le nombre des cas de paludisme a ete estime a 216 millions; dont 81en Afrique. Le nombre de deces lie paludisme s'est eleve a 655 000; dont 91en Afrique. Une confirmation parasitologique rapide par un examen parasitologique; en moins de 2 heures apres l'arrivee en consultation; est recommandee avant tout traitement antipaludique dans tous les cas suspects de paludisme. Alors qu'en 2009; seulement 20des cas de paludisme declare etaient confirmes par un examen parasitologique; dans les 21 pays sur 42 de la region Organisation Mondiale de la Sante (OMS) Afrique. Le test de diagnostic rapide (RDT) est un test immunochromato-graphique detectant la presence d'un antigene specifique de Plasmodium sp dans le sang en 10 a 15 mn. Il est un outil tres interessant et facile a utiliser pour ameliorer la prise en charge des cas de fievre et du paludisme et constitue un nouvel elan dans la marche vers l'elimination du paludisme. Il existe sur le marche plusieurs types de RDT en fonction du nombre d'antigenes specifiques de Plasmodium sp qu'ils detectent. Ils ont subi de tests d'evaluation de la performance sous l'egide de l'OMS. Depuis quelques annees; les RDT ont pris une place tres importante dans le diagnostic de paludisme. De plus; leurs sensibilites ont depasse largement celles exigees par l'OMS. Le respect de conditions de conservation et d'utilisation est indispensable pour leur fiabilite. L'accessibilite par les formations sanitaires publiques et prives reste a regler pour pouvoir tirer tous les benefices de RDT

[A case of curable encephalomyelitis in a tropical area: pernicious anemia]. / Un cas d'encéphalomyélopathie reversible en milieu tropical: anemie de biermer.

Pernicious anemia is uncommon in Africa. The purpose of this report is to describe a case of pernicious anemia observed in Madagascar. The revealing manifestation was encephalomyelitis with combined medullar sclerosis that responded favorably to vitamin B12 replacement therapy. Clinical symptoms included paresthesia associated with allodynia of all four extremities and with tetrapyramidal syndrome, medullar ataxia and minor cognitive disturbances ongoing for 5 months. Hemogram testing revealed macrocytic anemia. Serum cobalamin level was low. Anti-intrinsic factor antibody was detected. Spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse high-signal intensity along the posterior spinal cord extending from C1 to C4. Vitamin B12 replacement therapy led to full regression of clinical signs after six weeks. Association of central nervous system involvement with macrocytic anemia suggests vitamin B12 deficiency and pernicious anemia should be suspected. This disease can be considered as a curable form of myelitis in Africa and Madagascar.

[Severe presentations of Rift Valley Fever in Madagascar]. / Les formes graves de la fièvre de la vallée de Rift pendant l'épidémie à Madagascar.

OBJECTIVE: The authors describe clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of severe presentations of Rift valley fever (RVF) during the 2008 epidemic in Madagascar. METHODOLOGY: The diagnosis was confirmed by RVF virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or detection of specifics antibodies by Elisa. RESULTS: Sixteen cases of severe RVF were recorded. The sex-ratio was 7/1 and median age was 32 years (20/59 years). The risk factors of infection were: contact with infected animals or their meat (n=8), and travelling to a risk area (n=2). Hemorrhagic, neurological, and ocular manifestations were observed respectively in 87.5%, 43.8% and 6.3% of cases. All patients who died (n=4) presented with a hemorrhagic form of the disease. CONCLUSION: The hemorrhagic form was the most frequent presentation of RVF and was responsible for a high level of mortality. Epidemiologic surveillance must be implemented.

Hepatite fulminante associee a un traitement antituberculeux: entite clinique grave mais pas toujours fatale

L'hepatite fulminante est definie par l'association de signes d'encephalopathie hepatique a une chute du taux de prothrombine inferieur a 50survenant moins de deux semaines apres l'apparition d'un ictere. Elle est grave et mortelle en absence de transplantation hepatique. Cependant; nous rapportons un cas d'hepatite fulminante d'evolution favorable sous traitement medical seul. Il s'agissait d'un cas secondaire a un traitement antituberculeux qui a ete arrete tout de suite et remplace par un lavement au lactulose des l'apparition des signes d'encephalopathie hepatique. L'evolution etait marque par un retour progressif de l'etat de conscience a la normale et une amelioration nette du bilan hepatique

Thrombose portale d'origine virale

Le virus d'Epstein-Barr est responsable de la mononucleose infectieuse. Il peut induire la formation d'anticoagulants circulants sans qu'apparaissent obligatoirement des manifestations thrombotiques. Nous rapportons le cas d'un jeune patient hospitalise pour une thrombose portale revelee par des manifestations douloureuses abdominales. La recherche d'anticoagulant circulant de type lupique dans le sang etait positive. Le bilan de thrombophilie s'averait negative. Nous n'avons pas retrouve de cas similaire dans la litterature. Le role des anticoagulants circulants semble etre primordial dans la constitution de cette obstruction de la veine porte. Une infection virale peut etre a l'origine de manifestations thrombotiques intra-abdominales par le biais de l'action thrombogene des anticoagulants circulants in vivo

[Causes of death in a sample of cirrhotic patients from Madagascar]. / Les causes de mortalité dans une population de patients cirrhotiques malgaches.

OBJECTIVE: Cirrhotic patients have poorer life expectancy than the general population. The purpose of this study was to identify causes of death in a sample of cirrhotic patients from Madagascar. METHODS: A retrospective analytic and descriptive study was conducted on the files of cirrhotic inpatients admitted to the gastroenterology department of the Joseph Raseta Befelatanana University Hospital Center in Antananarivo, Madagascar from January 1, 2003 to June 30, 2007. RESULTS: The files of 117 patients were reviewed. Death occurred in 31 cases for a mortality rate of 26.5%. The main causes of death were disorders of consciousness (51.6%) and hypovolemic shock (25.8%). Jaundice, encephalopathy, and gastrointestinal bleeding were predictive factors for mortality. CONCLUSION: Cirrhotic patients in this study were hospitalized at a late stage of disease. Further prospective study in a larger sample will be needed to standardize the management protocol in Madagascar.

[African histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent Malagasy patient.]. / Une histoplasmose africaine chez un patient malgache immunocompétent.

African histoplasmosis is a rare but not an exceptional condition and recently discovered in Madagascar. We report the fifth Malagasy case involving skin and nodes in an immunocompetent patient. Management of African histoplasmosis encountered many problems because of the availability of amphotericin B and cost of the biochemical tests in order to prevent major side effects in case of failure of oral antimycotic drug.

[Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of severe malaria in adults in hospital in Antananarivo, Madagascar]. / Aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques du paludisme grave de l'adulte en milieu hospitalier a Antanana- rivo, Madagascar.

Few data are available about severe malaria in Madagascar. Our aims were to describe epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of severe malaria in patients in Antananarivo. We conducted a retrospective study from 1 March 2006 to 31 March 2008 at the infectious disease department. We recorded 61 cases of severe malaria among 1,803 in patients. Sex ratio was 2 and average age was 35.3 years old. Three pregnant women were recorded among women (15.8%). Self-medication was registered in 23%. Among 35 patients who received first medical care, no one had parasitological examination. The treatment was inadequate for all patients (n = 19). Conscience impairment (65.6%), jaundice (24.6%), seizure (18%) and prostration (14.8%) were the major severe signs. Diagnosis was made 6.54 days after the onset of the disease. Mortality rate was 11.5%. Self-medication, inappropriate primary care and delayed diagnosis represented risk factors for severe malaria in our cohort.

[A misleading case of hypereosinophilia revealing colonic adenocarcinoma in a patient from a tropical area]. / Une hyperéosinophilie trompeuse en milieu tropical. Hyperéosinophilie paranéoplasique.

Although paraneoplastic hypereosinophilia has been documented in patients with colon cancer, this association is rare. The purpose of this report is to describe a case of paraneoplastic hypereosinophilia associated with colic adenocarcinoma. This case underlines the value of methodical investigation of hypereosinophilia in tropical areas where parasitic aetiologies are frequent.

L'hemoperitoine spontane: une complication rare des anticoagulants

L'hemoperitoine spontane est defini par la presence de sang dans la cavite peritoneale en l'absence de tout traumatisme. Il s'agit d'un accident rare mais grave. Nous rapportons le cas d'une jeune femme de 28 ans; sous traitement anticoagulant oral; qui presentait une douleur abdominale aigue; une instabilite hemodynamique et une deglobulisation sans notion de traumatisme. Le traitement medical doit etre propose en premiere intention en cas d'hemoperitoine. La prevention reste la meilleure strategie dans la prise en charge des accidents des anticoagulants

[Portopulmonary hypertension due to schistosomiasis in two Malagasy patients]. / Hypertension porto-pulmonaire d'origine bilharzienne chez deux patients malgaches.

Portopulmonary hypertension is characterized by a chronic liver disease associated with a mean pulmonary artery pressure >25 mmHg at rest, an increased pulmonary vascular resistance and a capillary pulmonary pressure <15 mmHg with portal hypertension. Schistosomiasis may be an aetiology of this syndrome, however, few cases have been reported. We describe the first cases of portopulmonary hypertension with schistosomiasis in Malagasy patients. There were 2 men aged of 18 and 20 from hyperendemic area of schistosomiasis in Madagascar Both had a history of repeated water contact. They presented a dyspnea associated with ascites and oedema. Clinical examination showed portal and pulmonary hypertension with right ventricular heart failure. Cardiac examination revealed a systolic murmur and splint of the second heart pulmonary Pulmonary hypertension was confirmed by cardiac ultrasonogaphy Serology of bilharzias was positive. Parasitological examination showed eggs of S. mansoni. The treatment based on salt-free diet, spironolactone and praziquantel led to a better evolution of symptoms (case 1). Symptoms of right heart failure remained for the second patient even though improvement was noted. In tropical countries, schistosomiasis may be one of the cause of portopulmonary hypertension and may appear in early age. Its treatment remains difficult as the drugs recommended are not affordable.

[Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Malagasy population]. / Séroprévalence de l'infection due à Helicobacter pylori dans un échantillon de population malgache.

Helicobacter pylori is a worldwide infection. However very few data are actually available on H. pylori seroprevalence in the Malagasy population. We carried out a transversal study in a sample of persons who met the following criteria: older than 15 years old, presence in the medicine internal unit 2 (University Hospital Center of Antananarivo) during the period of the study whatever the reason. H. pylori infection was identified serologically by using ELISA (G.A.P IgG H. pylori ELISA, Bio-Rad, France). Several factors were evaluated including serological status, demographic information, the reason of the presence in the unit, factors influencing H. pylori infection: socio-economic status, siblings, promiscuity consumption of alcohol, use of tobacco, water source and history of gastroscopy. The presence of clinical symptoms, such as dyspepsia and abdominal pain, was determined. Forty-five men and 45 women were included (mean age: 41.8 +/- 3.4 years). The seroprevalence of H. pylori infection was 82%. H. pylori infection was higher in men than in women (p < 0.02). Promiscuity constituted the principal factor influencing H. pylori infection. The seroprevalence of the H. pylori infection appears to be comparable to the rate encountered in developing countries. Considering this high rate of the H. pylori infection, eradication of H. pylori should be commonly recommended when facing gastrointestinal pathologies potentially induced by H. pylori.