Structural changes and band gap tunability with incorporation of n-butylammonium iodide in perovskite thin film.

The current work presents structural change and band gap tunability using hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite with the incorporation of long chain ammonium halide. Thin films of MAPbI3 with different ratio of n-butylammonium iodide (BAI) have been successfully deposited on the substrate using a single step coating technique. X-ray diffraction scans revealed the transition of the 3D structure of MAPbI3 to quasi-2D perovskite structure when BAI loading increase with a crystallite size range approximately 16 nm. This structural changeis reflected in the band gap as it increased from 1.59 eV for bulk crystal MAPbI3 to 2.13 eV for BAI and MAPbI3 ratio of 1:1. Correspondingly, photoluminescence measurement showed a blue shift in perovskite emission due to the transition of 3D to 2D layered structure perovskite. Raman spectra confirm that all fabricated films are of pristine quality and no corresponding degradation peaks of PbI2 is observed. These characteristics are important to address the single step deposition method of hybrid perovskite for perovskite solar cells application.

Diagnosing human blood clotting deficiency.

There are different clotting factors present in blood, carries the clotting cascade and excessive bleeding may cause a deficiency in the clotting Diagnosis of this deficiency in clotting drastically reduces the potential fatality. For enabling a sensor to detect the clotting factors, suitable probes such as antibody and aptamer have been used to capture these targets on the sensing surface. Two major clotting factors were widely studied for the diagnosis of clotting deficiency, which includes factor IX and thrombin. In addition, factor IX is considered as the substitute for heparin and the prothrombotic associated with the increased thrombin generation are taking into account their prevalence. The biosensors, surface plasmon resonance, evanescent-field-coupled waveguide-mode sensor, metal-enhanced PicoGreen fluorescence and electrochemical aptasensor were well-documented and improvements have been made for high-performance sensing. We overviewed detecting factor IX and thrombin using these biosensors, for the potential application in medical diagnosis.