ABSTRACT
The global pandemic caused by coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) disrupted both public and private life for many. Concerning medical students, practical teaching and classrooms were substituted with a virtual curriculum. However, how this new academic environment has affected students' health and lifestyles has yet to be studied. In this study, we surveyed 2,776 students from nine different countries about changes in their university curricula and potential alterations in their daily habits, physical health, and psychological status. We found negative changes across all countries studied, in multiple categories. We found that 99% of respondents indicated changes in their instruction delivery system, with 90% stating a transition to online education, and 93% stating a reduction or suspension of their practical activities. On average, students spent 8.7 hours a day in front of a screen, with significant differences among countries. Students reported worsened studying, sleeping, and eating habits with substantial differences in Latin American countries. Finally, the participants frequently expressed onset and increase in both mental and physical health symptoms: backache, asthenopia, irritability, and emotional instability. Altogether, these results suggest a potential risk in the health and academic performance of future doctors if these new academic modalities are maintained.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Students, Medical , Humans , Life Style , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN. El trato digno es un concepto de difícil comprensión y con diversas visiones, relevante para entidades nacionales como el MINSAL e internacionales como OMS, como parte de los objetivos de los sistemas de salud. En pediatría resulta un desafío para el entendimiento de las expectativas del paciente. Este estudio busca describir el concepto de trato digno en la hospitalización infantil según padres, pacientes y profesionales de hospitales chilenos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio cualitativo descriptivo. La muestra incluyó pacientes hospitalizados en unidades de cuidados básicos de establecimientos públicos, de 12 a 15 años, chilenos, a sus padres, enfermeros y pediatras. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, análisis de contenido, en base a unidad de análisis "tema". Posteriormente, codificación abierta utilizando software Dedoose®. RESULTADOS. Se logra identificar 8 categorías subyacentes al concepto de trato digno, siendo estas "Resguardo de la intimidad, trato respetuoso, acompañamiento parental, prácticas centradas en la necesidad integral del paciente, comunicación y entrega de información, entorno, equipamiento e infraestructura hospitalaria y autonomía". DISCUSIÓN. Existen elementos transversales del trato digno pediátrico, a pesar de su variabilidad. Los resultados permiten orientar a prestadores de salud hacia un trato digno en pediatría.
INTRODUCTION. Dignified treatment is a concept that is difficult to understand and with different approaches, relevant to national entities such as MINSAL and international entities such as WHO, as part of the objectives of health systems. In pediatrics, it is a challenge to understand patient's expectations. This study seeks to describe the concept of dignified treatment in child hospitalization according to parents, patients and professionals of Chilean hospitals.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Qualitative descriptive study. The sample included patients hospitalized in basic care units of public hospitals, between 12 and 15 years old, Chileans, their parents, nurses and pediatricians. Semi-structured interviews, content analysis, based on the unit of analysis "topic" were conducted. Later, open coding using Dedoose® software.RESULTS. It was possible to identify 8 categories underlying the concept of dignified treatment, these being "Protection of privacy, respectful treatment, parental support, practices focused on the integral need of the patient, communication and delivery of information, environment, equipment and hospital infrastructure autonomy".DISCUSSION. There are cross-cutting elements of dignified pediatric treatment, despite its variability. The results make it possible to guide health providers towards decent treatment in pediatrics.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Parents/psychology , Child, Hospitalized/psychology , Health Personnel/psychology , Respect , Hospitalization , Professional-Family Relations , Professional-Patient Relations , Interviews as Topic , Privacy , Personal Autonomy , Patient Rights , Qualitative Research , Hospitals, PublicABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Stable and non-toxic fluorescent markers are gaining attention in molecular diagnostics as powerful tools for enabling long and reliable biological studies. Such markers should not only have a long half-life under several assay conditions showing no photo bleaching or blinking but also, they must allow for their conjugation or functionalization as a crucial step for numerous applications such as cellular tracking, biomarker detection and drug delivery. RESULTS: We report the functionalization of stable fluorescent markers based on nanodiamonds (NDs) with a bifunctional peptide. This peptide is made of a cell penetrating peptide and a six amino acids long ß-sheet breaker peptide that is able to recognize amyloid ß (Aß) aggregates, a biomarker for the Alzheimer disease. Our results indicate that functionalized NDs (fNDs) are not cytotoxic and can be internalized by the cells. The fNDs allow ultrasensitive detection (at picomolar concentrations of NDs) of in vitro amyloid fibrils and amyloid aggregates in AD mice brains. CONCLUSIONS: The fluorescence of functionalized NDs is more stable than that of fluorescent markers commonly used to stain Aß aggregates such as Thioflavin T. These results pave the way for performing ultrasensitive and reliable detection of Aß aggregates involved in the pathogenesis of the Alzheimer disease.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Amyloid/analysis , Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry , Nanodiamonds/chemistry , Amyloid/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Peptides/analysis , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Animals , Benzothiazoles/chemistry , Benzothiazoles/toxicity , Biomarkers/analysis , Cell Line , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cell-Penetrating Peptides/chemistry , Fluorescent Dyes/toxicity , Humans , Mice, Transgenic , Nanodiamonds/toxicity , Protein AggregatesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Synthesize and assess the available scientific evidence from the period 2008-2012 on interventions of demonstrated efficacy in the treatment and rehabilitation of adolescents and adults engaged in the problematic use of alcohol and other substances. METHODS: A systematic review was undertaken with search and analysis of national and international literature on the subject in Spanish and English in the main international databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase, PsycINFO, SciELO, the databases of the York University Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (DARE, ETS Database), the Cochrane Library, and other sources of gray literature. The search criteria included randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews but excluded observational studies, qualitative studies, and articles of poor methodological quality. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 69 studies. The psychosocial interventions shown to be effective were cognitive behavioral therapy, family interventions, self-help interventions using the Internet, couples behavioral therapy, community strengthening and family training, telephone monitoring and support, and integrated therapy for substance abuse disorder with anxiety and depression comorbidity. Pharmacological interventions of demonstrated effectiveness were acamprosate, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and benzodiazepines in problematic alcohol use, as well as maintenance therapy with high-dose opioids. CONCLUSIONS: The demonstrated effectiveness of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions is slight but significant. However, strongly multidisciplinary interventions that use a cognitive behavioral approach and the involvement of people close to the consumer, as well as some of the specific pharmacological interventions, have been shown to yield the best results in terms of indicators of abstinence and prevention of relapses.
Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/therapy , Substance-Related Disorders/therapy , Adolescent , Adult , HumansABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Sintetizar y valorar la evidencia científica disponible durante el período 2008-2012, respecto de las intervenciones con eficacia demostrada en el tratamiento y rehabilitación de personas adolescentes y adultas con consumo problemático de alcohol y otras sustancias. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión sistemática con búsqueda y análisis de la literatura nacional e internacional, en español e inglés, consultando las principales bases de datos internacionales, incluyendo PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, EMBASE, PsycINFO, SciELO, bases de datos del Centro para Revisión y Diseminación de la Universidad de York (DARE, HTA Database), Cochrane Library y otras fuentes de literatura gris. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, revisiones sistemáticas, y se excluyeron estudios observacionales, estudios cualitativos y artículos de baja calidad metodológica. RESULTADOS: La muestra final consistió en 69 estudios. Las intervenciones psicosociales con eficacia demostrada fueron terapia cognitivo conductual; intervenciones de tipo familiar; intervenciones de autoayuda vía Internet; terapia conductual de pareja; refuerzo comunitario y entrenamiento familiar; seguimiento y apoyo telefónico, y terapia integrada del trastorno por abuso de sustancia con comorbilidad ansiosa y depresiva. Las intervenciones farmacológicas con eficacia demostrada fueron acamprosato, dietilamida de ácido lisérgico (LSD) y benzodiacepinas en el consumo problemático de alcohol, y la terapia de mantención con opioides en altas dosis. CONCLUSIONES: La eficacia demostrada de las intervenciones psicosociales y farmacológicas es pequeña, pero significativa. Son las intervenciones marcadamente multidisciplinarias, con enfoque cognitivo conductual e involucramiento de personas significativas allegadas al consumidor, las que han demostrado tener mejores resultados en indicadores de abstinencia y prevención de recaídas, así como también algunas intervenciones farmacológicas específicas.
OBJECTIVE: Synthesize and assess the available scientific evidence from the period 2008-2012 on interventions of demonstrated efficacy in the treatment and rehabilitation of adolescents and adults engaged in the problematic use of alcohol and other substances. METHODS: A systematic review was undertaken with search and analysis of national and international literature on the subject in Spanish and English in the main international databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase, PsycINFO, SciELO, the databases of the York University Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (DARE, ETS Database), the Cochrane Library, and other sources of gray literature. The search criteria included randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews but excluded observational studies, qualitative studies, and articles of poor methodological quality. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 69 studies. The psychosocial interventions shown to be effective were cognitive behavioral therapy, family interventions, self-help interventions using the Internet, couples behavioral therapy, community strengthening and family training, telephone monitoring and support, and integrated therapy for substance abuse disorder with anxiety and depression comorbidity. Pharmacological interventions of demonstrated effectiveness were acamprosate, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and benzodiazepines in problematic alcohol use, as well as maintenance therapy with high-dose opioids. CONCLUSIONS: The demonstrated effectiveness of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions is slight but significant. However, strongly multidisciplinary interventions that use a cognitive behavioral approach and the involvement of people close to the consumer, as well as some of the specific pharmacological interventions, have been shown to yield the best results in terms of indicators of abstinence and prevention of relapses.
