Global assessment of the knowledge and confidence in managing allergic disorders among primary care pediatricians across Europe: An EAACI task force report.

BACKGROUND: Pediatricians are often the first point of contact for children in Primary Care (PC), but still perceive gaps in their allergy knowledge. We investigated self-perceived knowledge gaps and educational needs in pediatricians across healthcare systems in Europe so that future educational initiatives may better support the delivery of allergy services in PC. METHOD: A multinational survey was circulated to pediatricians who care for children and adolescents with allergy problems in PC by the EAACI Allergy Educational Needs in Primary Care Pediatricians Task Force from February to March 2023. A 5-point Likert scale was used to assess the level of agreement with questionnaire statements. Thirty surveys per country were the cut-off for inclusion and statistical analysis. RESULTS: In this study, 1991 respondents were obtained from 56 countries across Europe and 210 responses were from countries with a cut-off below 30 participants per country. Primary care pediatricians (PCPs) comprised 74.4% of the respondents. The majority (65.3%) were contracted to state or district health services. 61.7% had awareness of guidelines for onward allergy referral in their countries but only 22.3% were aware of the EAACI competencies document for allied health professionals for allergy. Total sample respondents versus PCPs showed 52% and 47% of them have access to allergy investigations in their PC facility (mainly specific IgE and skin prick tests); 67.6% and 58.9% have access to immunotherapy, respectively. The main barrier to referral to a specialist was a consideration that the patient's condition could be diagnosed and treated in this PC facility, (57.8% and 63.6% respectively). The main reasons for referral were the need for hospital assessment, and partial response to first-line treatment (55.4% and 59.2%, 47% and 50.7%, respectively). Learning and assessment methods preference was fairly equally divided between Traditional methods (45.7% and 50.1% respectively) and e-learning 45.5% and 44.9%, respectively. Generalist physicians (GPs) have the poorest access to allergy investigations (32.7%, p = .000). The majority of the total sample (91.9%) assess patients with allergic pathology. 868 (43.6%) and 1117 (46.1%), received allergy training as undergraduates and postgraduates respectively [these proportions in PCPs were higher (45% and 59%), respectively]. PCPs with a special interest in allergology experienced greater exposure to allergy teaching as postgraduates. GPs received the largest amount of allergy teaching as undergraduates. Identifying allergic disease based on clinical presentation, respondents felt most confident in the management of eczema/atopic dermatitis (87.4%) and rhinitis/asthma (86.2%), and least confident in allergen immunotherapy (36.9%) and latex allergy (30.8%). CONCLUSION: This study exploring the confidence of PCPs to diagnose, manage, and refer patients with allergies, demonstrated knowledge gaps and educational needs for allergy clinical practice. It detects areas in need of urgent improvement especially in latex and allergen immunotherapy. It is important to ensure the dissemination of allergy guidelines and supporting EAACI documents since the majority of PCPs lack awareness of them. This survey has enabled us to identify what the educational priorities of PCPs are and how they would like to have them met.

Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among Spanish school children aged 6 to 14 years

Clinical relevanceConvergence insufficiency (CI) at an early age can lead to learning difficulties affecting school performance. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of CI in a non-clinical population of Spanish children using well defined clinical criteria and to determine whether sex is a risk factor.MethodsVisual acuity and binocular vision tests were performed in 628 children aged 6–14 years (mean age 9.6 ± 1.3 years) at three schools in the Madrid Community, Spain. To assess CI prevalence we used CITT (Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial) criteria. The three signs considered were: i) exophoria at least 4∆ greater at near than at far; ii) near break point of convergence (NPC) ≥ 6 cm; and iii) reduced positive fusional vergence (PFV) at near (≤ 15∆ base-out break or failed Sheard's criterion).ResultsThe CI prevalence detected was 5.30% (33 children). Proportions of children with one or two signs of CI were 23.76% (148 children) and 12.20% (76 children), respectively. No differences in these CI rates by sex were detected.ConclusionThe clinically significant CI prevalence observed here suggests the need for more binocular vision screening programmes in school settings. (AU)

Dosage of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies: a cardinal open question

Discovery and clinical development of monoclonal antibodies with the ability to interfere in the regulation of the immune response have significantly changed the landscape of oncology in recent years. Among the active agents licensed by the regulatory agencies, nivolumab and pembrolizumab are paradigmatic as the most relevant ones according to the magnitude of available data derived from the extensive preclinical and clinical experience. Although in both cases the respective data sheets indicate well-defined dosage regimens, a review of the literature permits to verify the existence of many issues still unresolved about dosing the two agents, so it must be considered an open question of potentially important consequences, in which to work to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of use (AU)

Dosage of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies: a cardinal open question.

Discovery and clinical development of monoclonal antibodies with the ability to interfere in the regulation of the immune response have significantly changed the landscape of oncology in recent years. Among the active agents licensed by the regulatory agencies, nivolumab and pembrolizumab are paradigmatic as the most relevant ones according to the magnitude of available data derived from the extensive preclinical and clinical experience. Although in both cases the respective data sheets indicate well-defined dosage regimens, a review of the literature permits to verify the existence of many issues still unresolved about dosing the two agents, so it must be considered an open question of potentially important consequences, in which to work to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of use.

Indications and practice of diverting ileostomy after colorectal resection and anastomosis in ovarian cancer cytoreduction.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors related with diverting ileostomy performance after colorectal resection and anastomosis, in advanced ovarian cancer cytoreductive surgery. METHODS: We have previously demonstrated the risk factors associated with anastomotic leak after colorectal anastomosis: Advanced age at surgery, low serum albumin level, additional bowel resections, manual anastomosis and distance of the anastomosis from the anal verge. However, use of diverting ileostomy is strongly variable and depends on individual surgeon preferences and training. Eight hospitals participated in this retrospective study. Data of 695 patients operated for ovarian cancer with primary colorectal anastomosis were included (January 2010-June 2018). Fourteen pre-/intraoperatively defined variables were identified and analysed as justification factors for use of diverting ileostomy. RESULTS: The rate of diverting ileostomy in the entire cohort was 19.13% (133/695; range within individual centers 4.6-24.32%). Previous treatment with bevacizumab [OR 2.8 (1.3-6.1); p=0.01]; additional bowel resections [OR 3.0 (1.8-5.1); p<0.001]; extended operating time [OR 1.005 (1.003-1.006); p<0.001] and intra-operative red blood transfusion [OR 2.7 (1.4-5.3); p<0.001] were found to be independently associated with diverting ileostomy performance. Assuming a 7% AL rate cut-off, up to 51.8% of DI presented an AL risk below 7% and might have been spared. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors that drive the gynecologic oncology surgeons to perform a diverting ileostomy, seem to differ from the actual risk factors that we have identified to be associated with postoperative anastomotic leak. Broader awareness of the risk factors that contribute to a higher perioperative risk profile, will facilitate a better risk stratification process and possibly avoid unnecessary stoma formation in ovarian cancer patients.

A prospective observational study of the clinical and pathological impact of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) as a neoadjuvant strategy of chemoradiation in pancreatic cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S): To improve the curative resection rates and prognoses, a variety of neoadjuvant (NA) strategies have been explored in PDAC. In our institution, non-metastatic PDACs have been treated with a NA intent with induction multiagent chemotherapy and SBRT. The primary endpoint was to increase R0 resection rate. The secondary endpoints were the analysis of the clinical tolerance, the pathological response, the local control (LC) and the OS. MATERIALS/METHODS: All consecutive patients with non-metastatic PDAC underwent SBRT as part of the NA strategy were included. A total dose of 40-62 Gy were delivered in 5-10 fractions. Surgery was performed after SBRT and restaging. RESULTS: Since February 2014 to December 2018, 45 patients were enrolled. Thirty-two patients underwent surgery (71.1%), 10 out of 15 were initially unresectable disease patients (66.75%). R0 resection rate was 93% (30 patients) and pN0 status was achieved in 20 patients (60.6%). Tumour regression grade (TRG): 12 patients with complete response or marked response (TRG 0-1: 37.5%), 16 patients with moderate response (TRG 2: 50%) and four patients with poor response (TRG 3: 12.5%). The median follow-up was 16.2 m (range 6.6-59.6 m) since diagnosis. The LC rate achieved was very high (95.5%). Actuarial 12 and 24 m OS was 67.4% and 35.9% respectively. No grade 3 or higher toxicity related to SBRT was observed. CONCLUSION: The results are encouraging, suggesting that SBRT has a significant role in the management of these patients and further studies will be necessary to prove these findings.

Determining personalized treatment by gene expression profiling in metastatic breast carcinoma patients: a pilot study

Purpose: The present study evaluates the massive study of gene expression in metastatic breast carcinoma (MBC) patients using microarray gene expression profiling (MAGE) complemented with conventional sequencing, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescent "in situ" hybridization (FISH), seeking to optimize the treatment in a subset of heavily pretreated patients and with limited life expectancy. Patients, material and methods: MBC patients in hormone therapy progression with survival expectancy of at least 3 months (m) have been included. The MAGE contains gene probes representing genes known to potentially interact with available drugs as cited in the literature. Results: Thirty-nine procedures were performed from October 2010 to April 2016. Within the 30 evaluable procedures, considering all hormonal manipulations as a single line, the patients had received a median of 4 treatment lines prior to MAGE (range 1-7). Progression was observed in 6 cases, stable disease (SD) in 7 cases and partial response (PR) in 16 cases, which implies a clinical benefit rate (SD + PR) of 76%. Actuarial median progression-free survival (PFS) was 6 m (95% CI 2.5-9.5) in patients with clinical benefit. The median overall survival (OS) for the entire series was 11 m (95% CI 2.2-19.8). Conclusion: Data presented here indicate that the use of MAGE provides relevant information to establish personalized treatment in frail patients with limited life expectancy in which therapeutic futility is a particularly difficult burden to assume

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Pathology findings and clinical outcomes after risk reduction salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA mutation carriers: a multicenter Spanish study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) after risk reduction salpingo-oophorectomy(RRSO), and to describe oncological outcomes after RRSO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BRCA pathogenic mutation carriers who had undergone an RRSO were evaluated in this retrospective multicenter observational study. Patients were only included when fallopian tubes were analyzed following the protocol for Sectioning and Extensively Examining the FIMbria (SEE-FIM). Surgeries were performed between June 2010 and April 2017 at eight Spanish hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 359 patients met the inclusion criteria. STIC was diagnosed in 3 (0.8%) patients; one of them underwent surgical staging due to positive peritoneal washing, with absence of disease at the final pathology report. None of the three patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and were free of disease at last follow-up. Fallopian tube and ovarian carcinoma were diagnosed in 5 (1.4%) and 1 (0.3%), respectively. At a median (range) follow-up time of 29 (3-92) months, five patients had a newly diagnosed breast cancer. Other types of cancer, which were diagnosed during the follow-up time, included: serous primary peritoneal carcinoma (n = 1), serous endometrial carcinoma (n = 1), colon (n = 1), pancreas (n = 1), jaw (n = 1), and lymphoma (n = 1). Seven patients died due to different types of cancer: breast (n = 4), pancreas (n = 1), jaw (n = 1), and colon (n = 1). CONCLUSION: The incidence of STIC after RRSO in BRCA mutation carriers is low (0.8%) and it presents an excellent oncological outcome. Patients after RRSO, however, run the risk to develop other types of cancer during follow-up and should be properly advised before the prophylactic surgery.

Evaluation of an Online Educational Program for Parents and Caregivers of Children With Food Allergies.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The increasing prevalence of food allergy affects both patients and their families. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an online educational program designed for parents and caregivers of children with food allergies. The program was developed by a multidisciplinary group comprising health care professionals, researchers, and expert patients under the participatory medicine model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Participants took a 2-week online educational program covering major topics in food allergy management. General knowledge about the disease, symptoms, treatment, and topics relevant to families' daily lives were evaluated. The contents included educational videos, online forums, and live video chats. A pretest/posttest questionnaire survey was used to evaluate the impact of the program. RESULTS: A total of 207 participants enrolled in the educational program, which was completed by 130 (62.8%). Knowledge acquisition improved significantly following participation in the program in 15 out of 30 items (50%), reaching P<.001 for 8 items (26.7%). Of the 207 participants who started the program, 139 (67.1%) visited online forums, and 27.5% attended video chats. Average overall satisfaction with the educational program was 8.78 (on a scale of 0 to 10). CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained show that parents improved their knowledge in all areas of food allergy. The high level of satisfaction among participants suggests that digital learning tools are effective and motivational, enabling patients to acquire appropriate knowledge and thus increasing their quality of life.

Determining personalized treatment by gene expression profiling in metastatic breast carcinoma patients: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: The present study evaluates the massive study of gene expression in metastatic breast carcinoma (MBC) patients using microarray gene expression profiling (MAGE) complemented with conventional sequencing, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescent "in situ" hybridization (FISH), seeking to optimize the treatment in a subset of heavily pretreated patients and with limited life expectancy. PATIENTS, MATERIAL AND METHODS: MBC patients in hormone therapy progression with survival expectancy of at least 3 months (m) have been included. The MAGE contains gene probes representing genes known to potentially interact with available drugs as cited in the literature. RESULTS: Thirty-nine procedures were performed from October 2010 to April 2016. Within the 30 evaluable procedures, considering all hormonal manipulations as a single line, the patients had received a median of 4 treatment lines prior to MAGE (range 1-7). Progression was observed in 6 cases, stable disease (SD) in 7 cases and partial response (PR) in 16 cases, which implies a clinical benefit rate (SD + PR) of 76%. Actuarial median progression-free survival (PFS) was 6 m (95% CI 2.5-9.5) in patients with clinical benefit. The median overall survival (OS) for the entire series was 11 m (95% CI 2.2-19.8). CONCLUSION: Data presented here indicate that the use of MAGE provides relevant information to establish personalized treatment in frail patients with limited life expectancy in which therapeutic futility is a particularly difficult burden to assume.

Feasibility of robotic radical hysterectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in women with locally advanced cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and feasibility of robotic radical hysterectomy (RRH) in women with locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective comparative longitudinal observational study was performed in 30 patients with LACC FIGO stage IB2-IIB who underwent RRH after NACT between February 2008 and September 2014. This group was compared with a cohort of 176 patients underwent RRH with cervical cancer FIGO stage IA2-IB1 in the same period of time. RESULTS: Patients' age, BMI, ASA score, comorbidity, and previous abdominal surgery, was similar between groups. FIGO stage significantly differed between groups; 29 (96.6%) of patients had FIGO stage IB2 in NACT group and 163 (92.6%) were FIGO stag IB1 in women without NACT, p < 0.001. Type of RRH was also significantly different between groups. Type C1 RRH was significantly more common in NACT group, p = 0.015. Mean (SD) tumor size was significantly bigger in NACT, 27.0 (13.7) mm versus 20.9 (9.0) mm in early stage versus LACC, respectively. p = 0.023. Mean (SD) surgical time was significantly longer in NACT group (307.8 (40.2) min versus 277.4 (45.4) min, p = 0.001). Estimated blood loss and length of the hospital stay were similar between groups. There were no significant differences in terms of intraoperative and postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: RRH after NACT in women with LACC seems to be safe and feasible. These results need to be confirmed in studies with a larger patients sample.

Síndrome del babuino por exposición a mercurocromo en el curso de una varicela / Baboon syndrome after exposure to mercurochrome during chickenpox

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Escarlatina estafilocócica como manifestación atenuada del síndrome de escaldadura estafilocócica / Staphylococcal scarlet fever as a mild manifestation of Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

Se presenta el caso de un niño de cuatro años con fiebre, adenopatías y faringoamigdalitis con exantema escarlatiniforme. Se trató con amoxicilina/ácido clavulánico y evolucionó favorablemente. Se aisló Staphylococcus aureus en la faringe y dos semanas después presentó descamación en dedo de guante. Parece tratarse de una forma abortada del síndrome de escaldadura estafilocócica (AU)

We report the case of a four years old child with fever, adenopathies, pharyngitis and scarlet micropapular exanthema. He was treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and he had a favourable outcome. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from his throat. Two weeks later he presented exfoliation. It seems to be an abortive form of Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (AU)

Análisis del valor predictivo positivo de las subcategorías BI-RADS ®4: resultados preliminares en 880 lesiones / Analysis of the positive predictive value of the subcategories of BI-RADS ® 4 lesions: preliminary results in 880 lesions

Objetivos. Las subcategorías BI-RADS®4A/B/C comprenden amplios rangos de valores predictivos positivos (VPP) y no se ha definido su correlación con descriptores específicos. Nuestro objetivo es analizar el VPP de las subcategorías y los descriptores asignados a ellas en lesiones mamográficas y ecográficas. Material y método. Analizamos 880 lesiones confirmadas histológicamente y subclasificadas prospectivamente como BI-RADS®4A/B/C entre 2003-2010. El estudio estadístico incluyó pruebas de significación, tablas de contingencia y estudio de riesgos relativos (RR) sobre 545 lesiones mamográficas y 627 ecográficas. Resultados. Los VPP por subcategoría fueron 8,8%-4A, 18,9%-4B y 58,3%-4C. La correlación entre VPP y lesiones fue la esperada, excepto: VPP 4A>4B en nódulos ecográficos irregulares/márgenes no circunscritos y microcalcificaciones con distribución segmentaria, asignación de BI-RADS®4 a lesiones BI-RADS®3 y consideración de lesiones idénticas en distintas subcategorías. En el estudio por tablas de contingencia, las lesiones mamográficas estuvieron en rangos de 4B/C y las ecográficas en 4B. Los RR fueron significativos en nódulos mamográficos para morfología irregular (RR=3,205) y márgenes espiculados (RR=2,469), y para microcalcificaciones pleomórficas (RR=2,531), amorfas (RR=0,334) y distribución segmentaria (RR=1,895). En la ecografía, los RR fueron significativos en todos los descriptores, con valores mayores de uno en morfología irregular (RR=1,977) y márgenes no circunscritos (RR=2,277). Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados concuerdan con los publicados. Las excepciones encontradas pueden justificarse por aspectos relacionados con la variabilidad y factores no radiológicos con posible influencia en la categorización y VPP. Es necesario elaborar modelos matemáticos que permitan la categorización objetiva e incluyan factores no relacionados con la imagen(AU)

Objectives. The positive predictive values (PPV) of the subcategories of BI-RADS® 4 lesions (A/B/C) vary widely, and their correlation with specific descriptors has yet to be defined. We aimed to analyze the PPV of the subcategories and of the mammographic and ultrasonographic descriptors assigned to each. Material and methods. We analyzed 880 histologically confirmed lesions prospectively classified as BI-RADS® 4 A/B/C between 2003 and 2010. The statistical analysis included significance tests, contingency tables, and relative risk (RR) ratios, calculated for 545 mammographic lesions and 627 ultrasonographic lesions. Results. The PPV was 8.8% for subcategory 4A, 18.9% for subcategory 4B, and 58.3% for subcategory 4C. The correlation between PPV and lesions was what we expected, with three exceptions: a) the PPV of 4A was greater than that of 4B in nodules that were irregular or had uncircumscribed margins on ultrasonography and in microcalcifications with segmental distribution on mammography, b) BI-RADS® 3 lesions classified as BI-RADS® 4, and c) identical lesions classified in distinct subcategories. In the contingency table analysis, the mammographic lesions were 4B/C and the ultrasonographic lesions were 4B. On mammography, the RR was significant for nodules with irregular shape (RR=3.205) and for those with spiculated margins (RR=2.469), as well as for microcalcifications that were pleomorphic (RR=2.531) or amorphous (RR=0.334), and for those with segmental (RR=1.895). On ultrasonography, the RR were significant for all the descriptors, with values greater than 1 for irregular shape (RR=1.977) and uncircumscribed margins (RR=2.277). Conclusions. Our results corroborate previous reports. The exceptions can be explained by aspects related to variability and nonradiological factors that might influence the classification and PPV. Mathematical models should be developed to enable the objective classification and these should include factors not related to imaging(AU)

Bacteriophage performance against Staphylococcus aureus in milk is improved by high hydrostatic pressure treatments.

The combined effect of bacteriophages, vB_SauS-phi-IPLA35 (phiIPLA35) and vB_SauS-phi-IPLA88 (phiIPLA88), and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on Staphylococcus aureus Sa9 was evaluated in pasteurized whole milk under a simulated cold chain break, which was simulated by incubation of milk at 25°C for 48 h. Four-hundred MPa was found to be the most suitable pressure to be used in combination with these phages. Two different levels of staphylococcal initial contamination (1×10(4) and 1×10(6) CFU/mL) were tested. A synergistic effect between HHP and phages was observed in both cases. Compared to each single treatment, the combined treatment was able to reduce the initial S. aureus contamination below the detection limit (<10 CFU/mL). Bacteriophage performance in pressurize milk against S. aureus enabled milder hydrostatic pressure treatments, therefore phages can be regarded as a valuable hurdle on minimally processed food.

[Analysis of the positive predictive value of the subcategories of BI-RADS(®) 4 lesions: preliminary results in 880 lesions]. / Análisis del valor predictivo positivo de las subcategorías BI-RADS(®)4: resultados preliminares en 880 lesiones.

OBJECTIVES: The positive predictive values (PPV) of the subcategories of BI-RADS(®) 4 lesions (A/B/C) vary widely, and their correlation with specific descriptors has yet to be defined. We aimed to analyze the PPV of the subcategories and of the mammographic and ultrasonographic descriptors assigned to each. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 880 histologically confirmed lesions prospectively classified as BI-RADS(®) 4 A/B/C between 2003 and 2010. The statistical analysis included significance tests, contingency tables, and relative risk (RR) ratios, calculated for 545 mammographic lesions and 627 ultrasonographic lesions. RESULTS: The PPV was 8.8% for subcategory 4A, 18.9% for subcategory 4B, and 58.3% for subcategory 4C. The correlation between PPV and lesions was what we expected, with three exceptions: a) the PPV of 4A was greater than that of 4B in nodules that were irregular or had uncircumscribed margins on ultrasonography and in microcalcifications with segmental distribution on mammography, b) BI-RADS(®) 3 lesions classified as BI-RADS(®) 4, and c) identical lesions classified in distinct subcategories. In the contingency table analysis, the mammographic lesions were 4B/C and the ultrasonographic lesions were 4B. On mammography, the RR was significant for nodules with irregular shape (RR=3.205) and for those with spiculated margins (RR=2.469), as well as for microcalcifications that were pleomorphic (RR=2.531) or amorphous (RR=0.334), and for those with segmental (RR=1.895). On ultrasonography, the RR were significant for all the descriptors, with values greater than 1 for irregular shape (RR=1.977) and uncircumscribed margins (RR=2.277). CONCLUSIONS: Our results corroborate previous reports. The exceptions can be explained by aspects related to variability and nonradiological factors that might influence the classification and PPV. Mathematical models should be developed to enable the objective classification and these should include factors not related to imaging.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in a series of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and response rate to EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).

INTRODUCTION Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation related to tyrosine kinase inhibitors' (TKIs) responsiveness in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has become an important issue for therapeutic decision-making in NSCLC patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-nine Caucasian NSCLC patients were screened for mutations in the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of EGFR by direct sequencing from December 2005 to September 2010. RESULTS Activating mutations in the EGFR TK domain were found in 8 of 69 (11.6%) (7 deletions in exon 19 and one L858R mutation in exon 21). Seven of those mutations were found in adenocarcinoma and one mutation in bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma; five of them in females (one smoker) and three of them in males (one smoker). All patients carrying activating mutations in the TK domain of EGFR were treated with TKIs. Ten patients not carrying an activating mutation in EGFR, who progressed after chemotherapy, were also treated with compassionate use of EGFR-specific TKIs (gefitinib or erlotinib). An objective response (partial response) was observed in all patients carrying an activating mutation in EGFR that received TKIs. Median overall survival for these patients has not been reached, however mean survival has been estimated at 39.5 months (95% CI, 22-57). CONCLUSIONS As previously reported, EGFR TK mutational analysis was a predictive test for response to targeted therapy with EGFR TKIs. The early identification of these patients consistently attains disease response and clearly improves outcomes.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in a series of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and response rate to EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)

INTRODUCTION Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation related to tyrosine kinase inhibitors' (TKIs) responsiveness in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has become an important issue for therapeutic decision-making in NSCLC patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-nine Caucasian NSCLC patients were screened for mutations in the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of EGFR by direct sequencing from December 2005 to September 2010. RESULTS Activating mutations in the EGFR TK domain were found in 8 of 69 (11.6%) (7 deletions in exon 19 and one L858R mutation in exon 21). Seven of those mutations were found in adenocarcinoma and one mutation in bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma; five of them in females (one smoker) and three of them in males (one smoker). All patients carrying activating mutations in the TK domain of EGFR were treated with TKIs. Ten patients not carrying an activating mutation in EGFR, who progressed after chemotherapy, were also treated with compassionate use of EGFR-specific TKIs (gefitinib or erlotinib). An objective response (partial response) was observed in all patients carrying an activating mutation in EGFR that received TKIs. Median overall survival for these patients has not been reached, however mean survival has been estimated at 39.5 months (95% CI, 22-57). CONCLUSIONS As previously reported, EGFR TK mutational analysis was a predictive test for response to targeted therapy with EGFR TKIs. The early identification of these patients consistently attains disease response and clearly improves outcomes (AU)

Foco pulmonar facticio con 18F-FDG: posible error en la interpretación de la PET-CT / Lung hot spot as pitfall in PET-CT interpretation: focal lung uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose

Aportamos dos casos de pacientes oncológicos en seguimiento rutinario con este tipo de artefacto, sin correlato morfológico en la TAC. Se procedió a la repetición del estudio en uno de ellos, lo que permitió comprobar una normalización de dicha hipercaptación, orientando a un posible artefacto. La PET-TAC con FDG se ha convertido en una herramienta imprescindible en el manejo del paciente oncológico. La distribución normal de la FDG y los posibles artefactos (pitfalls), incluidos aquéllos derivados de la corrección de atenuación basada en la TAC, han sido descritos en diversas revisiones. Sin embargo, sólo recientemente se ha publicado algún caso de falso positivo en forma de captación focal pulmonar de FDG(AU)

18F-FDG PET-CT has become an essential tool in oncology patient management. The normal distribution of the FDG and the possible artifacts (pitfalls), including those from CT-based attenuation correction, have already been described in several reviews. However, only a few cases of FDG focal lung uptake have been reported recently. We present two cases of oncology patients during a routine follow-up with this type of pitfall, without morphological correlation in the CT scan. We repeated the study in one of them, which made it possible to verify normalization of the hyperuptake, orienting us towards a possible pitfall(AU)