Aggregation of germlings is a major contributing factor towards mycelial heterogeneity of Streptomyces.

Streptomycetes are filamentous bacteria that produce numerous valuable compounds, including the majority of clinically used antibiotics. At an industrial scale, most of these compounds are produced in bioreactors. Growth of streptomycetes under these conditions is characterized by the formation of complex mycelial particles, whose sizes follow a bimodal distribution. Given the correlation between specific productivity and morphology, this size heterogeneity poses a potential drawback in industry. Recent work indicates that mycelial morphology is controlled by a number of genes that encode proteins required for the synthesis of cell surface-associated glycans. Using a quantifiable system based on fluorescent markers, we here show that these glycans mediate aggregation between germlings and young mycelia, yielding mycelial particles that originate from many different individuals. We also demonstrate that at later time points aggregation between distinct particles is no longer detectable. Notably, the absence of the corresponding glycan synthases yields mycelia that are homogeneous in size, identifying mycelial aggregation as a driving factor towards size heterogeneity. Given that aggregation is widespread within streptomycetes and can also occur between different Streptomyces strains, our work paves the way to improve Streptomyces as a cell factory for the production of known metabolites, but possibly also to discover new ones.

Hyphal heterogeneity in Aspergillus oryzae is the result of dynamic closure of septa by Woronin bodies.

Hyphae of higher fungi are compartmentalized by septa. These septa contain a central pore that allows for inter-compartmental and inter-hyphal cytoplasmic streaming. The cytoplasm within the mycelium is therefore considered to be a continuous system. In this study, however, we demonstrate by laser dissection that 40% of the apical septa of exploring hyphae of Aspergillus oryzae are closed. Closure of septa correlated with the presence of a peroxisome-derived organelle, known as Woronin body, near the septal pore. The location of Woronin bodies in the hyphae was dynamic and, as a result, plugging of the septal pore was reversible. Septal plugging was abolished in a ΔAohex1 strain that cannot form Woronin bodies. Notably, hyphal heterogeneity was also affected in the ΔAohex1 strain. Wild-type strains of A. oryzae showed heterogeneous distribution of GFP between neighbouring hyphae at the outer part of the colony when the reporter was expressed from the promoter of the glucoamylase gene glaA or the α-glucuronidase gene aguA. In contrast, GFP fluorescence showed a normal distribution in the case of the ΔAohex1 strain. Taken together, it is concluded that Woronin bodies maintain hyphal heterogeneity in a fungal mycelium by impeding cytoplasmic continuity.