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4.
Behav Sci Law ; 19(4): 583-94, 2001.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11568962

ABSTRACT

The testimony of mental health experts is often important evidence considered by criminal courts in determining issues arising throughout the adjudicative process, but not all evidence provided by experts is equally valid or probative. Using a hypothetical insanity defense case, we compared the preferences of Virginia judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys for different types of forensic mental health evidence, including descriptive and diagnostic testimony, testimony about relevant research and actuarial data, and ultimate issue testimony. In addition, we determined their preferences for different types of mental health professionals. Four key findings emerged. First, many participants preferred that psychiatrists, rather than psychologists or other mental health professionals, conduct forensic evaluations for the court. Second, while participants were interested in most types of mental health evidence, they were primarily interested in clinical diagnosis, followed by an analysis of whether the condition met the relevant legal threshold, and an ultimate opinion on the legal issue. Third, participants were less interested in research or actuarial evidence. Fourth, participants differed in their evidentiary preferences in ways that reflect their respective roles in the adversary system. The findings suggest that while courts and attorneys find traditional clinical testimony useful in criminal cases, they also favor ultimate issue testimony, and view research data or statistically based information as less helpful. Mental health professionals should consider how to educate the courts and bar about the dangers inherent in over-reliance on the conclusory legal testimony of mental health experts, the utility of scientific data as such information becomes more routinely introduced as evidence at trial, and the expertise available from various mental health professionals.


Subject(s)
Attitude , Criminal Psychology/methods , Expert Testimony/methods , Forensic Psychiatry/methods , Analysis of Variance , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Humans , Virginia
5.
Am Psychol ; 56(3): 205-15, 2001 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11315246

ABSTRACT

Psychology celebrates diversity, recognizes the value and legitimacy of diverse beliefs, and strives to be inclusive. Yet, the profession lacks sociopolitical diversity. Most psychologists are politically liberal, and conservatives are vastly underrepresented in the profession. Moreover, when sociopolitical views guide the research, advocacy, or professional practice of psychologists, those views most often are liberal. The lack of political diversity in psychology has unintended negative consequences for research, policy advocacy, clinical practice, the design and implementation of social interventions, and professional education. It excludes or marginalizes conservatives and conservative views, having detrimental effects on the profession in each of these areas. This article examines the importance of political diversity and the negative consequences of its absence and provides strategies for increasing sociopolitical pluralism in psychology.


Subject(s)
Cultural Diversity , Politics , Psychology , Social Change , Social Values , Humans , Sociology
6.
Am Ann Deaf ; 142(2): 83-5, 1997 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9154683

ABSTRACT

Significant demographic shifts among school-aged deaf children in the United States have not mirrored similar shifts in the teaching force, which remains predominantly White. The importance of exposing children from ethnically diverse minority backgrounds to role models who have firsthand knowledge and understanding of issues they face is discussed and the strategies needed to attract minority professionals into the field of deaf education are identified.


Subject(s)
Deafness , Education, Special , Cultural Diversity , Humans , Sign Language
7.
J Am Acad Psychiatry Law ; 25(1): 105-19, 1997.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9148887

ABSTRACT

This study examines the relationship between depression, as measured by four indices, and jailed women defendants' adjudicative competence ("competency to stand trial"). Competence was assessed by the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT-CA) in three areas: understanding, reasoning, and appreciation. Depression was not significantly correlated with any competence measure. More depressed women, however, were more likely to feel that they would not be treated fairly by the legal system. This finding is consistent with research showing that depressed people tend to have pessimistic perceptions. The rates of depression were far above the rates in the general female population, and many of the participants were clinically depressed. In addition, competence generally was negatively correlated with measures of psychoticism, emotional withdrawal, and general psychopathology. Implications of the results for addressing the mental health needs of women defendants, and for defense attorneys and forensic clinicians working with them, are discussed.


Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Mental Competency/legislation & jurisprudence , Prisoners/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Expert Testimony/legislation & jurisprudence , Female , Humans , Personality Inventory
8.
Am J Vet Res ; 55(7): 898-900, 1994 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7978625

ABSTRACT

Mean conduction velocity of sensory axons of the dorsal penile nerves of clinically normal bulls was determined by recording action potentials evoked by cutaneous stimulation. Locations of stimulating and recording electrodes were standardized. Overall mean +/- SD conduction velocity was 55.1 +/- 5.1 m/s. Mean +/- SD velocity recorded from the distal electrode was 53.3 +/- 4.9 m/s; velocity recorded from the middle electrode was 55.3 +/- 5.0 m/s; and velocity recorded from the proximal electrode was 56.7 +/- 5.1 m/s. Differences among means were not significant. Four bulls had mean conduction velocities of 54.0 m/s and 48.4 m/s before and 3 weeks after castration, respectively.


Subject(s)
Neural Conduction , Neurons, Afferent/physiology , Penis/innervation , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Cattle , Electric Stimulation , Evoked Potentials , Male , Time Factors
10.
Am Ann Deaf ; 135(2): 67-73, 1990 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2281836

ABSTRACT

Deaf children from ethnic, linguistic and racial minority backgrounds demonstrate significantly depressed achievement levels relative to their White deaf peers. Educators of deaf children and youth have had a tendency to accept the erroneous proposition that deafness in some ways precludes ethnic and racial minority group membership and status. This article describes some of the unique social and educational realities faced by Black and Hispanic children and their families in the northeastern United States and the similarities experienced by deaf Black and Hispanic children and their families. Implications concerning educational assessment, placement, student expectations, curriculum development, staffing and policy making are noted as are recommendations that resulted from the first national conference on Black and Hispanic deaf youth held in March 1989. Demographic data are also presented showing the growth and distribution in the population of minority deaf children, as well as the results of a survey indicating the dearth of minority personnel, board members and specialized programs in schools.


Subject(s)
Deafness/ethnology , Achievement , Black or African American/education , Black or African American/statistics & numerical data , Child , Cultural Characteristics , Deafness/epidemiology , Education, Special/methods , Education, Special/standards , Educational Measurement , Hispanic or Latino/education , Hispanic or Latino/statistics & numerical data , Humans , United States , Workforce
11.
Am J Vet Res ; 48(10): 1525-30, 1987 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3674565

ABSTRACT

Spinal evoked potentials (SpEP) were recorded on an electromyograph from electrodes placed percutaneously in the ligamentum flava at the lumbosacral junction and between the 10th and 11th thoracic vertebrae following tibial nerve stimulation in 31 anesthetized dogs with acute compressive spinal cord injuries. The neurologic status of each dog was determined by clinical examination before SpEP recordings, and the neurologic status was monitored for 2 months in dogs that had surgical or conservative treatment. Two months after spinal injury, the response to treatment (outcome) of each dog was evaluated and graded as favorable (ambulatory and urinary continent) or unfavorable (nonambulatory, urinary incontinent, or euthanatized with confirmation of myelomalacia). Onset latencies, conduction velocities, amplitudes and durations of the wave forms, and the ratio of conduction velocity to combined durations of the first positive (P1) and first negative (N1) waves (CV/DPN index) were determined and were compared with reference data from clinically normal (control) dogs. Single SpEP recordings were of value in determining the prognosis for recovery. Significant differences were not found in the L7-S1 recordings between the reference (control) and spinal injury groups. Analysis of data from the T10-11 recordings indicated significant differences between the reference and spinal injury groups and between the favorable and unfavorable outcome groups within the spinal injury group. A CV/DPN index was less than 30 in dogs with unfavorable outcomes and greater than 30 in dogs with favorable outcomes. Stepwise discriminant analysis of data from the spinal injury group predicted outcome correctly in all dogs.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/physiopathology , Spinal Cord Compression/veterinary , Spinal Cord/physiopathology , Animals , Dogs , Evoked Potentials , Spinal Cord Compression/physiopathology , Tibial Nerve/physiopathology
12.
J Am Vet Med Assoc ; 188(5): 532-3, 1986 Mar 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3957761

ABSTRACT

Myotonia congenita was diagnosed in a 12-week-old female Chow Chow that had hindlimb ataxia, a stiff gait, and occasional collapsing. The diagnosis was based on the history, clinical signs, electrodiagnostics, and microscopic examination of biopsied muscle specimens.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Myotonia Congenita/veterinary , Animals , Biopsy/veterinary , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Electromyography/veterinary , Female , Gait , Muscle Contraction , Muscles/pathology , Myotonia Congenita/diagnosis , Myotonia Congenita/pathology
13.
Vet Res Commun ; 10(1): 73-8, 1986 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3484851

ABSTRACT

The brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) was recorded from 20 dogs, 10 exhibited vestibular deficit, and 10 presented with a history of seizures. Two dogs exhibited both types of signs. Abnormalities of the BAER, prolonged interwave latency, were seen in 8 of the 10 animals with vestibular problems, and in 7 of the 10 animals with seizure history. Several different diagnosis were associated with BAER abnormalities in both groups of animals. In 55.5% of the cases exhibiting abnormalities of the BAER, postmortem evidence of brainstem pathology was not detected. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was normal in three instances of abnormalities of the BAER. The BAER was normal in three dogs with abnormalities of the EEG. The BAER is presented as a useful diagnostic tool for brain lesions in animals with vestibular deficit and seizure history, but appears most useful when used in conjunction with the EEG. Correlations of abnormalities of the BAER and clinical course of disease are discussed.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/physiopathology , Evoked Potentials, Auditory , Labyrinth Diseases/veterinary , Seizures/veterinary , Animals , Brain Stem/physiopathology , Dogs , Labyrinth Diseases/physiopathology , Seizures/physiopathology , Vestibule, Labyrinth/physiopathology
14.
Vet Res Commun ; 9(4): 289-94, 1985 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-4095921

ABSTRACT

The brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) was recorded from 7 unanesthetized and 27 methoxyflurane anesthetized dogs. A 0.1 msec, 70 dB stimulus delivered at 10 Hz evoked the expected seven wave BAER. Mean peak wave latencies and standard deviations were calculated. Differences were not found between neither right and left ears, nor male and female dogs. The anesthetized dogs had a significantly longer latency for all waves, except wave I, than the unanesthetized dogs. Use of the BAER as a diagnostic technique for brainstem lesions is recommended.


Subject(s)
Anesthesia/veterinary , Brain Stem/physiology , Dogs/physiology , Evoked Potentials, Auditory , Animals , Female , Male , Methoxyflurane/pharmacology , Reaction Time , Reference Values
15.
Am J Vet Res ; 46(4): 974-6, 1985 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-4014850

ABSTRACT

Electroencephalograms were recorded from 10 dogs before, immediately after, and every 10 minutes (for 60 minutes) after IV injection of 0.005 ml of a fentanyl citrate and droperidol combination/kg of body weight. Narcosis was adequate for recording. At 30 to 40 minutes after injection, tail wagging was the only adverse reaction (EEG artifact) observed. The only changes in EEG activity observed were a slight increase in amplitude of the dominant activity and an increase in spindle-like activity. Daily repetition for 5 days did not alter the EEG pattern or the behavior of the dogs.


Subject(s)
Brain/drug effects , Dogs/physiology , Droperidol/pharmacology , Electroencephalography/veterinary , Fentanyl/pharmacology , Immobilization , Animals , Brain/physiology , Droperidol/administration & dosage , Drug Combinations , Female , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Injections, Intravenous/veterinary , Male
16.
Am J Vet Res ; 46(4): 977-9, 1985 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-4014851

ABSTRACT

The latencies and latency rates of H and F waves were determined by percutaneous stimulation of the ulnar and the tibial nerves of healthy cats. In the ulnar and tibial nerves, the latency rates of H wave evoked compound action potentials were 49.1 +/- 7.3 and 44.1 +/- 2.7 m/s, respectively, and of F waves were 68.1 +/- 9.6 and 57.1 +/- 6.2 m/s, respectively. The H wave response of cats was more variable in latency and amplitude than that reported in the dog.


Subject(s)
Cats/physiology , Tibial Nerve/physiology , Ulnar Nerve/physiology , Animals , Electric Stimulation , Electromyography/veterinary , Evoked Potentials , Reaction Time
17.
Am J Vet Res ; 46(1): 36-41, 1985 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3970440

ABSTRACT

To establish a clinically practical procedure for recording the equine EEG, 25 healthy adult horses and 6 newborn foals were used. Recordings were taken with the animals alert and tranquilized, confined in metal stocks, or physically restrained. The dominant alert waveforms of adult horses were fast activity (25 to 40 Hz) with medium-to-low voltages (5 to 40 microV-dominant 10 to 15 microV). Underlying this fast activity was slower (0.5 to 4.0 Hz) activity with medium-to-low voltages (10 to 40 microV). Twelve of the 25 adult horses had EEG frequencies in the alpha frequency range (10 to 15 Hz, 10 to 50 microV). Eight horses were given xylazine and 17 were given acetylpromazine. Those given xylazine had generalized slowing with several distinct frequency patterns (25 to 40 Hz, 5 to 30 microV; 10 to 15 Hz, 10 to 80 microV; and 0.5 to 4.0 Hz, 10 to 90 microV). Horses given acetylpromazine had fast activity (25 to 40 Hz) with medium-to-low voltages (5 to 40 microV). Underlying this activity were slower waveforms (1 to 4 Hz) with medium-to-low voltages (5 to 10 microV). Occasional well-formed spindle activity was observed (10 to 14 Hz, 10 to 50 microV). Acetylpromazine had little effect on the EEG recording, whereas xylazine exerted a substantial effect. All leads were synchronous with lower voltages in the left frontal, right frontal, and transfrontal leads. The alert pattern of a newborn foal was characterized by low frequency (2 to 6 Hz) with medium-to-high voltages (20 to 90 microV).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Subject(s)
Acepromazine/pharmacology , Brain/physiology , Electroencephalography/veterinary , Horses/physiology , Restraint, Physical/veterinary , Thiazines/pharmacology , Xylazine/pharmacology , Age Factors , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Brain/drug effects , Female , Male
18.
Am J Vet Res ; 45(10): 2175-7, 1984 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6497119

ABSTRACT

Spinal conduction velocities of the fastest afferent fibers of the spinal cord were calculated from the onset latencies of averaged evoked responses elicited by stimulation of the tibial nerve sensory afferent fibers and were recorded at various sites on the spinal cord. Locations for stimulation and recording electrodes were identified. Waveforms, mean amplitudes, and duration of the evoked spinal potentials were described. The mean conduction velocity of the spinal cord afferents at T12-T13 was 74.25 m/s with a SD of +/- 9.81 m/s. The mean conduction velocity of the spinal cord afferents, determined at the cisterna magna, was 80.66 m/s with a SD of +/- 11.50 m/s. This is a slight increase over the spinal conduction velocity at T12-T13 (P = 0.05).


Subject(s)
Cats/physiology , Spinal Cord/physiology , Animals , Electrodes/veterinary , Electromyography/veterinary , Evoked Potentials , Female , Male , Neural Conduction , Neurons, Afferent/physiology , Reference Values , Tibial Nerve
19.
Am J Vet Res ; 45(5): 1042-5, 1984 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6732011

ABSTRACT

The mean conduction velocities of the compound action potentials of sensory axons of the cutaneous branches of the radial, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial nerves of the healthy cat were determined by cutaneous stimulation and recorded by averaged evoked response technique. Locations for both stimulation and recording electrodes were identified. Mean conduction velocities were: radial nerve, 83.6 +/- SD 8.3; ulnar nerve, 89.2 +/- 10.3; peroneal nerve, 85.3 +/- 6.8; and tibial nerve, 80.2 +/- 7.9 m/s.


Subject(s)
Cats/physiology , Neural Conduction , Peroneal Nerve/physiology , Radial Nerve/physiology , Tibial Nerve/physiology , Ulnar Nerve/physiology , Afferent Pathways/physiology , Animals , Dogs/physiology , Electric Stimulation , Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory , Humans , Neurons, Afferent/physiology , Reference Values , Skin/innervation
20.
Vet Res Commun ; 6(2): 123-32, 1983 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6868351

ABSTRACT

The voltage and duration of electrical rectangular pulsed stimuli needed to produce an F wave and a monosynaptic reflex (H wave) and the characteristics of these responses were recorded in clinically normal dogs. Optimal stimulus to produce H waves was 0.1 to 0.2 ms and less than 80 volts. F waves were variable in appearance and were most evident following 0.5 ms and 125 to 150 volt stimulation. F waves had shorter latency than comparable H waves.


Subject(s)
Dogs/physiology , H-Reflex , Muscles/physiology , Reflex, Monosynaptic , Animals , Electric Stimulation , Evoked Potentials , Female , Male , Motor Neurons/physiology , Neural Conduction , Sciatic Nerve/physiology , Tibial Nerve/physiology , Ulnar Nerve/physiology
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