Effect of abiotic and biotic stress factors analysis using machine learning methods in zebrafish.

In order to understand the mechanisms underlying stress responses, meta-analysis of transcriptome is made to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their biological, molecular and cellular mechanisms in response to stressors. The present study is aimed at identifying the effect of abiotic and biotic stress factors, and it is found that several stress responsive genes are common for both abiotic and biotic stress factors in zebrafish. The meta-analysis of micro-array studies revealed that almost 4.7% i.e., 108 common DEGs are differentially regulated between abiotic and biotic stresses. This shows that there is a global coordination and fine-tuning of gene regulation in response to these two types of challenges. We also performed dimension reduction methods, principal component analysis, and partial least squares discriminant analysis which are able to segregate abiotic and biotic stresses into separate entities. The supervised machine learning model, recursive-support vector machine, could classify abiotic and biotic stresses with 100% accuracy using a subset of DEGs. Beside these methods, the random forests decision tree model classified five out of 8 stress conditions with high accuracy. Finally, Functional enrichment analysis revealed the different gene ontology terms, transcription factors and miRNAs factors in the regulation of stress responses.

Identification of food preservative, stress relief compounds by GC-MS and HR-LC/Q-TOF/MS; evaluation of antioxidant activity of Acalypha indica leaves methanolic extract (in vitro) and polyphenolic fraction (in vivo).

The present paper has been designed to evaluate phytochemical profile, in vitro free radical scavenging activity, cytotoxicity of methanolic extract and in vivo antioxidant activity of polyphenolic fraction of Acalypha indica leaves. Methanolic extract of A. indica leaves (MEAIL) contained rich amount of phenols, flavonoids and saponins. The GC-MS analysis of extract revealed 13 compounds, whereas HR-LC/Q-TOF/MS showed 87, and all were coincided with functional groups identified by FTIR. The extract showed good scavenging activity on DPPH, H2O2, hydroxyl radicals and metal ions. The Polyphenolic fraction induced the antioxidant enzymes in Diabetic rats. The extract also potentially showed cytotoxic (LC50: 140.02 µg/mL) activity against brine shrimp. Based on these analytical results, in vitro and in vivo experiments, it was concluded that the MEAIL has encompassed rich amount of polyphenols (antioxidants) and cytotoxic compounds for their respective activities. Polyphenolic fraction has the induction capacity to elevate cellular antioxidant enzymes in diabetic animals.

Exploratory Studies of (-)-Epicatechin, a Bioactive Compound of Phyllanthus niruri, on the Antioxidant Enzymes and Oxidative Stress Markers in D-galactosamine-induced Hepatitis in Rats: A Study with Reference to Clinical Prospective.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis is a health problem affecting millions of people worldwide and it is the major risk factor for liver cirrhosis. In India, many plants are used to treat hepatitis. But little is known about the effects of (-)-epicatechin a bioactive compound of Phyllanthus niruri (PN) in hepatitis rats. OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to explore the antioxidant property of (-)-epicatechin isolated from PN in D-Galactosamine (D-GalN) induced hepatitis rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The rats are divided into five groups as per the experimental design. (-)-Epicatchin pretreatment was given to the hepatitis rats for 21 days and biochemical analysis was carried out. The hepatic antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum markers aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, and bilirubin are estimated. RESULTS: All the antioxidant enzymes activities and albumin levels are depleted in hepatitic rats. Whereas GST, ALP, AST, ALT activities and MDA, and bilirubin levels are elevated in hepatitis rats, (-)-epicatechin pretreatment increased all the antioxidant enzymes and decreased the GST, ALP, AST, ALT, and MDA levels in hepatitis rats. However, histopatholoigic studies also proves that (-)-epicatechin pretreatment decreased the tissue damage in hepatitis condition. This is the first report on the antioxidant enzymes and hepatoprotective effect of (-)-epicatechin in hepatitis rats. CONCLUSION: From this study, we conclude that (-)-epicatechin treatment decreased the oxidative damage in hepatitis rats. SUMMARY: The present study was carried out to know the impact of (-)-epicatechin on antioxidant enzymes activities in hepatitis rats. From this study, we found that the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GSH depleted in hepatitis rats and increased with (-)-epicatechin in hepatitis rats.MDA levels increased in hepatitis rats and decreased with (-)-epicatechin in hepatitis rats. From this study, we concluded that (-)-epicatechin will be useful to treat hepatotoxicity in rats. Abbreviations used:Phyllanthus niruri (PN), D-Galactosamine (D-GalN), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione s transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), World Health Organisation (WHO), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS).

Ginger Treatment Ameliorates Alcohol-induced Myocardial Damage by Suppression of Hyperlipidemia and Cardiac Biomarkers in Rats.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol-induced hyperlipidemia is positively correlated with cardiovascular diseases. Several herbal extracts have been reported to protect the cardiac injury and suppress the hyperlipidemia. However, the effect of ginger extracts on alcohol-induced hyperlipidemia and associated myocardial damage remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the cardio-protective properties of ginger ethanolic extract (Gt) against alcohol-induced myocardial damage, and further distinguished the association between hyperlipidemia and occurrence of myocardial damage in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty four Wistar male albino rats (250 ± 20 g) were divided into four groups including, Normal control (NC) (0.9% NaCl), Ginger treated (Gt) (200 mg/Kg b.w.), Alcohol treated (At) (20% of 6g/kg b.w. alcohol), and Alcohol along with Ginger treatment (At+Gt). In this study, lipid profiles such as fatty acids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, phospholipids, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoproteins, and cardiac biomarkers, including LDH, AST, CK-MB, cTn-T and cTn-I were examined in rats. Furthermore, histopathological studies were also conducted. RESULTS: We found that alcohol-induced myocardial damage was associated with increased lipid profile except high density lipoprotein in alcohol treated (20%, 6g/kg b.w.) rats compared with control. Ginger treatment significantly reduced the alcohol-induced lipid profiles except high density lipoproteins. Furthermore, elevated cardiac biomarkers activity with alcohol intoxication was substantially suppressed by ginger treatment. In addition, ginger treatment for 7-weeks significantly minimized the alcohol-induced myocardial damage. CONCLUSION: Our results concluded that ginger could protect alcohol-induced myocardial damage by suppression of hyperlipidemia and cardiac biomarkers. SUMMARY: Ginger extract could alleviate the myocardial injury partially due to the suppression of circulating FFAs and TG levels.Increased circulating cholesterol, LDL and phospholipids with alcohol intake were substantially suppressed by ginger treatmentAlcohol, induced an increase in cardiac damage biomarkers, CK-MB, cTn-T and cTn-I were remarkably suppressed by ginger treatmentPerformed histopathological studies by transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy shows additional convincing evidence on ginger cardio-protective effects. The drastic changes were rehabilitated in cardiac tissue by ginger treatment may be it acts as a good antioxidant and possessing hypolipidemic activity.Collectively, our findings confirm hypothesis that ginger has cardio protective potential through suppression of hyperlipidemia, preserving the tissue damage bio markers, cardiac biomarkers in plasma and preservation of histoarchitecture of myocytes. Abbreviations used: Gt: Ginger Ethanolic Extract; NC: Normal Control; At: Alcohol treated; MI: Myocardial Infarction.

Vulnerability of the mid aged rat myocardium to the age-induced oxidative stress: influence of exercise training on antioxidant defense system.

This study investigated the onset of age-related changes in the myocardial antioxidant defense system (ADS) and the vulnerability of the myocardium to oxidative stress following exercise training. Few studies have investigated the influence of the most prevalent life-prolonging strategy physical exercise, on the age-dependent alterations in the myocardial antioxidant enzyme system of female rats at mid age and to determine whether exercise-induced ADS could attenuate lipid peroxidation. Two age groups young (3 months old) and mid age (12 months old) Wistar strain female albino rats were given chronic exercise training for a period of 12 weeks. We found a striking decrease (p < 0.01) in the activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) in the myocardium of mid aged rats when compared to young rats by 36, 50 and 29%, respectively, suggesting the onset of age-dependent decrease in the myocardial ADS. A similar age-related decrease (p < 0.01) was observed in the reduced glutathione (GSH) content (36%). Despite the reduction in ADS, lipid peroxidation (LPO) (20%) was also decreased. In contrast, exercise training significantly elevated (p < 0.01) these antioxidant enzyme activities and the content of GSH. The increase in SOD and CAT activities were more pronounced in the mid aged rats when compared to younger rats, but increased the level of lipid peroxidation to higher levels in the mid-age group following the training regimen. The findings of the present study suggest that, although the activity levels of the myocardial antioxidant enzymes were elevated with the 12 weeks of exercise training, the changes were not sufficient enough in attenuating oxidative stress in the myocardium of female rats during this short period of exercise training.

Response of hepatic antioxidant system to exercise training in aging female rat.

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of exercise training on aging in the hepatic oxidative status and antioxidant defense of female albino rat. Two age groups of 3 months and 12 months old Wistar strain female albino rats were given chronic exercise training for a period of 12 weeks. The antioxidant enzyme assays were carried out by the standard methods. Lower (P<0.01) activities of the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) by 21%, 44% and 63% respectively was observed in the older rats when compared to younger rats. Also, glutathione (GSH) levels were 42% lower (P<0.01) in older than younger animals. Exercise training to the 12 months aged rats significantly (P<0.01) elevated these antioxidant enzyme activities and GSH content, when compared to older control rats. These levels are almost equal to the values observed in the younger control rats. The levels of lipid peroxidation end product, malondialdehyde (MDA) the major indicator of oxidative stress, was found to increase with age (11%) and exercise training caused further elevation (28% of control). The present findings imply that the reactive oxygen species that are generated due to aging process were detoxified by the exercise induced antioxidant system in the liver tissue. These findings are also in agreement with similar changes in male animals, which clearly envisage no gender difference in the amelioration of the antioxidant enzyme system in older age due to exercise. In conclusion, it can be stated that twelve weeks treadmill exercise training has beneficial effect in improving antioxidant defense capacity by augmenting SOD, CAT and GR activities and GSH levels of older rats, thereby preventing oxidative damage to the liver tissue.