Insights into the multifunctional roles of geminivirus-encoded proteins in pathogenesis.

Geminiviruses are a major threat to agriculture in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Geminiviruses have small genome with limited coding capacity. Despite this limitation, these viruses have mastered hijacking the host cellular metabolism for their survival. To compensate for the small size of their genome, geminiviruses encode multifunctional proteins. In addition, geminiviruses associate themselves with satellite DNA molecules which also encode proteins that support the virus in establishing successful infection. Geminiviral proteins recruit multiple host factors, suppress the host defense, and manipulate host metabolism to establish infection. We have updated the knowledge accumulated about the proteins of geminiviruses and their satellites in the context of pathogenesis in a single review. We also discuss their interactions with host factors to provide a mechanistic understanding of the infection process.

Surgical Management of Bone Sarcomas with an Inappropriate Biopsy Site: A Case Series and Review of Literature.

AIM: To study bone sarcoma patients who underwent limb salvage surgery with an inappropriate biopsy site and their surgical management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There were 28 patients with bone sarcoma who underwent limb salvage surgery from 2015 - 2019, among them 4 patients had inappropriate biopsy scar. They were analyzed with respect to modification of incision, extent of flap elevation, difficulties in exposure of neurovascular structures, reconstructive methods and post-operative wound morbidity. RESULTS: In all cases biopsy was done in outside hospital. One patient had open biopsy, remaining all were core needle biopsies. Out of the 4, three patients had distal femur lesion and one patient had proximal tibial lesion. Patient with proximal tibial lesion had biopsy site placed anteriorly over tibia. Patient underwent proximal tibial resection with anteromedial incision. Remaining three patients had distal femur lesion. One patient had pathological fracture with internal fixation done with lateral incision, and biopsy site placed medially. During surgery lateral incision was taken to include internal fixation scar with the distal end curved medially and extended over leg after including the biopsy site. One patient had distal femur lesion with laterally placed biopsy site, surgery done with lateral approach and medial gastrocnemius flap used to cover the prosthesis. One patient had anteriorly placed biopsy site, so after including the inappropriate biopsy site the lateral incision was curved medially and extended over leg. Two out of these four patients had skin necrosis; one patient had partial thickness skin necrosis and the other full thickness skin necrosis which was managed conservatively. CONCLUSION: In case of limb salvage surgery, skin incisions should be planned taking extent of lesion and biopsy scars into account. Good knowledge of vascular supply and incisions required if and when surgery is planned helps in selecting proper site for biopsy.