A systematic review of the effects of robotic exoskeleton training on energy expenditure and body composition in adults with spinal cord injury.

Metabolic diseases disproportionately affect people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Increasing energy expenditure and remodeling body composition may offset deleterious consequences of SCI to improve cardiometabolic health. Evidence is emerging that robotic exoskeleton use increases physical activity in SCI, but little is known about its effects on energy expenditure and body composition. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the impact of robotic exoskeleton training on body composition and energy expenditure in adults with SCI. A systematic literature review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Five databases were searched to retrieve studies meeting pre-set eligibility criteria: adults with SCI, interventions evaluating the effects of robotic exoskeleton devices on body composition or energy expenditure. The PEDro scale guided quality assessments with findings described narratively. Of 2163 records, 10 studies were included. Robotic exoskeleton training does not significantly improve energy expenditure compared to other exercise interventions. Significant changes ( P  < 0.05) in body composition, particularly reduced fat mass, however, were reported. High variability seen with the interventions was coupled with poor quality of the studies. While robotic exoskeleton interventions may propose modest cardiometabolic benefits in adults with SCI, further robust trials in larger samples are needed to strengthen these findings.

The effects of 10,000 voluntary contractions over 8 weeks on the strength of very weak muscles in people with spinal cord injury: a randomised controlled trial.

STUDY DESIGN: A multi-centred, single-blinded randomised controlled trial. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of 10,000 voluntary contractions over 8 weeks on the strength of very weak muscles in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTINGS: Seven hospitals in Australia and Asia. METHODS: One hundred and twenty people with recent SCI undergoing inpatient rehabilitation were randomised to either a Treatment or Control Group. One major muscle group from an upper or lower limb was selected if the muscle had grade 1 or grade 2 strength on a standard six-point manual muscle test. Participants allocated to the Treatment Group performed 10,000 isolated contractions of the selected muscle group, as well as usual care in 48 sessions over 8 weeks. Participants allocated to the Control Group received usual care alone. Participants were assessed at baseline and 8 weeks by a blinded assessor. The primary outcome was voluntary muscle strength on a 13-point manual muscle test. There were three secondary outcomes capturing therapists' and participants' perceptions of strength and function. RESULTS: The mean between-group difference of voluntary strength at 8 weeks was 0.4/13 points (95% confidence interval -0.5 to 1.4) in favour of the Treatment Group. There were no notable between-group differences on any secondary outcome. CONCLUSION: Ten thousand isolated contractions of very weak muscles in people with SCI over 8 weeks has either no or a very small effect on voluntary strength.

'What's happening?' A content analysis of concussion-related traffic on Twitter.

BACKGROUND: Twitter is a rapidly growing social networking site (SNS) with approximately 124 million users worldwide. Twitter allows users to post brief messages ('tweets') online, on a range of everyday topics including those dealing with health and wellbeing. Currently, little is known about how tweets are used to convey information relating to specific injuries, such as concussion, that commonly occur in youth sports. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyse the online content of concussion-related tweets on the SNS Twitter, to determine the concept and context of mild traumatic brain injury as it relates to an online population. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective observational study using content analysis. METHODS: Twitter traffic was investigated over a 7-day period in July 2010, using eight concussion-related search terms. From the 3488 tweets identified, 1000 were randomly selected and independently analysed using a customised coding scheme to determine major content themes. RESULTS: The most frequent theme was 'news' (33%) followed by 'sharing personal information/situation' (27%) and 'inferred management' (13%). Demographic data were available for 60% of the sample, with the majority of tweets (82%) originating from the USA, followed by Asia (5%) and the UK (4.5%). CONCLUSION: This study highlights the capacity of Twitter to serve as a powerful broadcast medium for sports concussion information and education.