Compact Radiative Divertor Experiments at ASDEX Upgrade and Their Consequences for a Reactor.

We present a novel concept to tackle the power exhaust challenge of a magnetically confined fusion plasma. It relies on the prior establishment of an X-point radiator that dissipates a large fraction of the exhaust power before it reaches the divertor targets. Despite the spatial proximity of the magnetic X point to the confinement region, this singularity is far away from the hot fusion plasma in magnetic coordinates and therefore allows the coexistence of a cold and dense plasma with a high potential to radiate. In the compact radiative divertor (CRD) the target plates are placed close to this magnetic X point. We here report on high performance experiments in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak that indicate the feasibility of this concept. Despite the shallow (projected) field line incidence angles of the order of θ_{⊥}=0.2°, no hot spots were observed on the target surface monitored by an IR camera, even at a maximum heating power of P_{heat}=15 MW. And even with the X point located exactly on the target surface and without density or impurity feedback control, the discharge remains stable, the confinement good (H_{98,y2}=1), hot spots absent, and the divertor in a detached state. In addition to its technical simplicity, the CRD scales beneficially to reactor-scale plasmas that would benefit from an increased volume of the confined plasma, more space for breeding blankets, smaller poloidal field coil currents, and-potentially-an increased vertical stability.

Study of the temperature effect on the formation of wheat gluten network: influence on mechanical properties and protein solubility.

Modifications of mechanical properties of wheat dough during thermal treatments depend mainly on the capacity of wheat gluten proteins to establish intra- and intermolecular interactions when subjected to high-temperature processing. The present study investigates the effect of thermal treatments on the mechanical properties and protein solubility of wheat gluten-based network. The increase in treatment temperatures (from 80 to 135 C) induces an increase in mechanical resistance of the gluten network (tensile strength increases from 0.26 to 2.04 MPa) and a decrease in deformability (elongation decreases from 468 to 236%). The increase in temperature (from 80 to 135 C) also induces a very strong reduction of protein solubility in 2% SDS (from 68 to 0%) that could be correlated to the mechanical changes observed. It was concluded that the modifications of the wheat gluten network properties seem to depend mainly on the temperature level, as temperatures >108-116 C allow activation of thermosetting reactions.

Glass transition of wheat gluten plasticized with water, glycerol, or sorbitol.

The glass transition temperature of wheat gluten, plasticized with water, glycerol, or sorbitol, has been studied using dynamical mechanical thermal analysis. For the three plasticizers studied, the general behavior of the glass transition temperature broadly followed the Couchman-Karasz relation using a wheat gluten DeltaC(p)() of 0.4 J g(-)(1) K(-)(1). Compared on such a fractional weight basis, it could be concluded that the plasticizing effect of glycerol and sorbitol on wheat gluten proteins is less important than the plasticizing effect of water. A continuous curve was obtained with the three plasticizers when the evolution of the glass transition temperature was presented on a fractional molecular basis. This was related to the similar chemical structure of these three components containing hydroxyl groups.

[Spontaneous variability in ischemic episodes during everyday conditions. Role of ST-Holter monitoring in assessment of therapy]. / Spontane Variabilität ischämischer Episoden unter alltäglichen Bedingungen. Bedeutung für die Therapiekontrolle durch ST-Holter-Monitoring.

To analyze the daily spontaneous variability of ischemic ST-segment changes and to derive criteria for statistical documentation of a therapeutic antiischemic effect, in 30 patients with coronary artery disease, with the aid of Holter monitoring the frequency of episodes E1 and E2 during everyday activities without medication was registered for two consecutive 24-hour periods. The spontaneous variability of the ischemic episodes of an individual patient was defined as the frequency distribution of the respective percent changes [(E2-E1)/E1].100 = (E2/E1-1).100 from day to day. To fit the curve to a normal distribution, logarithmic transformation was performed: [formula: see text] where i designates the number of patients. The constant 0.01 serves to correct for the event of episode frequency = 0. From the standard deviation sd of this logarithmic quotient, by retransformation, the one- and two-sided confidence limits K for the percent spontaneous variability are derived from the equation K = -(10-z alpha.sd-1).100; z alpha = 1.65 or 1.96. A statistically significant therapeutic effect can be assumed if, on paired comparison of 24-hour registrations with and without treatment, the limits are exceeded. Possible aggravation by the drug must be ruled out with the one-sided confidence interval. From the standard deviation sd, the standard deviation sd/square root of n for the collective of n = 5 ... to n = 30 patients was calculated and, analogously to the individual patient, the corresponding one- and two-sided 95% confidence limits for a significant therapeutic effect are defined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)