ABSTRACT
In this study, we hypothesized that a nurse's exposure to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients as part of the work role is positively associated with distress as indexed by negative mood at work. Given this expected relation, we sought to identify factors that might reduce the negative effects of caring for AIDS patients on nurses. We predicted that both organizational and social support would moderate the relationship between extent of exposure and negative mood, with the relationship being strongest when support is low and weakest when support is high. The results of tests among a sample of 256 nurses supported all the hypotheses. We discuss implications of this study and directions for future research.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/nursing , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/psychology , Attitude of Health Personnel , Nurses/psychology , Stress, Psychological/prevention & control , Humans , Irritable Mood , New York , Nurse-Patient Relations , Occupational Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Regression Analysis , Social Support , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
1. Cortico-lingual and linguo-cortical interconnectivity was investigated in ketamine-anaesthetized rats mounted onto a stereotaxic apparatus. The tip of the tongue was tied to a force displacement transducer to monitor tongue retrusions. The tongue cortical area was exposed in one or both hemispheres to record evoked potentials or spontaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, or to stimulate electrically with single square pulses of up to 50 V and 0.25 ms pulse width. 2. The results showed that (i) tongue retrusions elicited by electrical stimulation were identical to those induced by ketamine; (ii) ketamine-induced tongue contractions correlated in time with cortical EEG potentials which were easily distinguished from the background noise; (iii) haloperidol (2.5 mg/kg, i.m.) suppressed the cortically evoked tongue contractions as well as the ketamine-induced contractions. 3. These results suggest that ketamine-induced tongue retrusions may involve the cortex in their mediation if not their generation and that this may provide a basis for the suppression of dyskinetic activity during sleep or unconsciousness.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia , Cerebral Cortex/physiology , Ketamine , Tongue/physiology , Animals , Electric Stimulation , Evoked Potentials/drug effects , Haloperidol/pharmacology , Male , Muscle Contraction/drug effects , Rats , Rats, Inbred StrainsABSTRACT
The effects of metoclopramide on ketamine-induced linguopharyngeal events exemplified by tongue retrusions, protrusions, and swallowing acts were tested in ketamine-anesthetized rats mounted on a stereotaxic frame with the tip of the tongue tied to a force displacement transducer to monitor retrusion and protrusion and a pressure transducer inserted into the mouth at the level of the soft palate to monitor swallowing. Metoclopramide at doses ranging from 0.5 to 50 mg/kg im failed to decrease protrusions, retrusions, or swallowing. It rather increased all three events for up to 2.5 hours. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Subject(s)
Deglutition/drug effects , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/physiopathology , Metoclopramide/pharmacology , Tongue/drug effects , Animals , Deglutition/physiology , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/drug therapy , Female , Injections, Intramuscular , Ketamine , Metoclopramide/administration & dosage , Metoclopramide/therapeutic use , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , Receptors, Dopamine/drug effects , Tongue/physiopathologyABSTRACT
1. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that ketamine anesthesia (100 mg/kg) induces tongue protrusions (P) in addition to retrusions (R) and swallows (S) in adult rats. 2. These linguo-pharyngeal events occur alone or combined in various sequential patterns. 3. The SPR sequence is not the predominant pattern in all preparations suggesting profound disruption of physiological linkages by ketamine. 4. Haloperidol administration suppresses these events for 1-120 min depending on the dose (0.75-2.5 mg/kg). 5. Swallows are the least vulnerable to haloperidol. 6. This and previous findings provide further evidence that ketamine induced linguo-pharyngeal activity can serve as a model for acute or tardive dyskinesia better than stereotypies.
Subject(s)
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/etiology , Ketamine/toxicity , Tongue/drug effects , Animals , Deglutition/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Haloperidol/pharmacology , Hypoglossal Nerve/physiology , Rats , Rats, Inbred StrainsABSTRACT
Ketamine-induced buccolinguopharyngeal motor activity was studied in rats visually and by means of force displacement transduction of tongue retrusions, electromyogram (EMG) of motor units of tongue muscles, and pressure transduction of swallowing acts. Each animal was anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/kg body weight). Through a tracheotomy the airway was intubated and the animal was mounted on a stereotaxic frame in a supine position for monitoring of the above parameters. Four varieties of events were demonstrated: (a) swallowing acts followed by tongue retrusion, (b) tongue retrusions in isolation, (c) tongue retrusions followed by swallowing events, and (d) swallowing events in isolation. All four types of events were vulnerable to intramuscular injection of haloperidol 0.75-2.5 mg/kg within 5 to 10 min and the suppression endured for at least several hours. We conclude that there is a parallel between ketamine-induced oral motor activity and neuroleptic-induced dyskinesia in that both are temporarily suppressed by neuroleptic drugs.
