ABSTRACT
A number of significant advances (omics and bioengineering) now enable seamless stratification of patients according to their individual genotypes. This allows for more precise diagnoses coupled with patient phenotypes and improved treatment planning and predictable outcomes. Collectively, these advances are designated as "personalized dental medicine." To become an essential part of personalized dental medicine, this term will have a robust impact on dental implant practice. This narrative review elucidates the importance of utilizing advanced bioengineering techniques and biotechnologies in the realm of dental implants, aiming to understand gene expression profiles controlling endosseous wound healing and promoting bone formation. Thus, the first objective of the review was to present the state of the art of conceptualizing osseointegration as a phenomenon. The second objective was to pave the way for personalized dental implant therapy and to introduce "implantogenomics" for the first time.
Subject(s)
Dental Implants , Osseointegration , Biotechnology , Dental Implantation, Endosseous , Dental Prosthesis Design , HumansABSTRACT
AIMS: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of azithromycin (azm) and/or metronidazole (mtz) on the histopathological features of rats' gingival overgrowth (GO) induced by cyclosporine-A (CsA) in an animal model. METHODS: Ninety male albino rats were divided randomly into six equal groups. The rats of group I received corn oil via gastric feeding for 7 weeks. Group II rats were administered CsA for the same period. Groups III, IV, and V rats received CsA for 6 weeks and simultaneously in the 7th week received a monotherapy of placebo gel, azm suspension, mtz gel, respectively. Group VI rats were handled as groups III, IV, and V and instead received a combined therapy of azm suspension, and mtz gel. Rats were euthanized at the end of the experiment and routine tissue processing was carried out. The obtained specimens were stained with H&E, TGF-ß, MMP-1, and IL-6 antibodies. RESULTS: One-way MANOVA test for TGF-ß, MMP-1, and IL-6 revealed an overall significant difference between the different groups (P = 0.000). LSD post hoc test for multiple comparisons of TGF-ß revealed nonsignificant difference between groups I and VI and between groups IV and V. Nonsignificant difference was found between groups II and III considering the amount of MMP-1 immune expression. In addition, nonsignificant difference was found between groups V and VI regarding the amount of immune expression for IL-6. CONCLUSION: Combined therapy of azm suspension and mtz gel significantly improved the histopathological features of CsA-induced GO better than a monotherapy of azm suspension or mtz gel.
ABSTRACT
The macrophage has a major role in normal wound healing and the reparative process around implants. Murine macrophage-like cells RAW 264.7 were used to investigate the effect of titanium surfaces on macrophage activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha] and chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha). Four topographies were used: those produced by mechanically polishing, coarse sand blasting, acid etching, and sandblasting and acid etching (SLA). Macrophages were plated on the four titanium surfaces at a population density of 5 x 10(5) cells/mL/well. Tissue culture plastic and tissue culture plastic plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) served as negative and positive control, respectively. In addition, all surfaces were tested for their effects on macrophages in the presence of LPS. Supernatants were collected for assays after 6, 24, and 48 h and the numbers of macrophages attached to the surfaces were quantified using the DAPI (4,6-di-amidino-2-phenylindole) assay. Cytokine and chemokine levels were measured with sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Statistical comparison between the surfaces and the controls was determined by using the two-way analysis of variance including interaction effect (two tailed and p < or = 0.05). Unstimulated macrophages increased their secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha) when attached to rough surfaces (acid etching and SLA, p < or = 0.05). In macrophages stimulated with LPS, the roughest surface SLA produced higher levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha at 24 and 48 h than all other surfaces (p < or = 0.05). Surface topography also modulated the secretion of the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha by macrophages. Unstimulated macrophages attached to the SLA surface down-regulated their production of chemokines (p < or = 0.05) whereas LPS-stimulated macrophages attached to the SLA surface up-regulated their production (p < or = 0.05). Moreover, the SLA surface was found to act synergistically with LPS as well as the combination of blasting and etching features of the SLA surface resulted in significant release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by stimulated macrophages at 24 and 48 h (p < or = 0.05). This in vitro study has demonstrated that surface topography, in particular the SLA surface, modulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by macrophages in a time-dependent manner.
