Apex technique in the treatment of obstructed defecation syndrome associated with rectal intussusception and full rectal mucosa prolapse.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study was to demonstrate the use of a modified stapling technique, called the apex technique, to treat rectal intussusception and full rectal mucosal prolapse. It was conducted as a retrospective study at 3 centers (2 in Brazil and 1 in Chile). TECHNIQUE: The apex technique is performed by using a HEM/EEA-33 stapler. A pursestring suture is placed at the apex of the prolapse, on the 4 quadrants, independent of the distance to the dentate line. A second pursestring is then placed to define the band of rectal mucosa to be symmetrically resected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcome measures included width of the resected full-thickness rectal wall; the intensity of postoperative pain on a visual analog scale from 1 to 10; full mucosal prolapse and rectal intussusception assessed by physical examination, cinedefecography, or echodefecography; and change in the constipation scale. RESULTS: Forty-five patients (30 women/15 men; mean age, 59.5 years) with rectal intussusception and full mucosal prolapse were included. The median operative time was 17 (range, 15-30) minutes. Bleeding after stapler fire requiring manual suture occurred in 3 patients (6.7%); 25 (55.6%) patients reported having no postoperative pain. Hospital stay was 24 hours. The mean width of the resected rectal wall was 5.9 (range, 5.0-7.5) cm. Stricture at the staple line was seen in 4 patients, of whom 1 required dilation under anesthesia. The median follow-up time was 120 (range, 90-120) days. A small residual prolapse was identified in 6 (13.3%) patients. Imaging demonstrated complete disappearance of rectal intussusception in all patients, and the mean postoperative constipation score decreased from 13 (range, 8-15) to 5 (range, 3-7). CONCLUSIONS: The apex technique appears to be a safe, quickly performed, and low-cost method for the treatment of rectal intussusception. In this series, imaging examinations showed the disappearance of rectal intussusception, and a significant decrease in constipation score suggested improvement in functional outcomes.

Anal canal anatomy showed by three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography.

BACKGROUND: Demonstrate precisely the anatomic configuration of the anal canal and the length and thickness of the anal sphincters using three-dimensional (3-D) anorectal ultra-sonography in both genders. METHODS: Twelve normal volunteer males and 14 females, with a mean age of 52.4 and 50.3 years, respectively, were prospectively enrolled in this study. All individuals from both groups were submitted to anorectal ultra-sonography. The anal canal was analyzed, measuring the length and thickness of the external anal sphincter (EAE), internal anal sphincter (IAS), puborectalis muscle (PR) and the gap (distance from the anterior EAS to the anorectal junction) in the midline longitudinal (ML) and transverse (MT) planes, and the results were compared between quadrants and genders. RESULTS: The distribution of sphincter muscles is asymmetric in both genders. The anterior upper anal canal is an extension of the rectal wall with all layers clearly identified. The anterior IAS is formed in the distal upper anal canal and is significantly shorter in female than in male in all quadrants. The anterior IAS length is shorter than the posterior and lateral in both genders. The anterior EAS length is significantly shorter (2.2 cm) and the gap is longer (1.2 cm) in female than in male (3.4 cm) (0.7 cm) (p < 0.05), respectively. The posterior and lateral EAS-PR is significant longer in males (3.6 cm) (3.9 cm) than in females (3.2 cm) (3.5 cm) (p < 0.05), respectively. The lateral EAS-PR is significant longer than the posterior part in both genders. The anterior IAS is significantly thicker in males (0.19 cm) than in females (0.12 cm) (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: 3-D anal endosonography enabled measurement of the different anatomical structures of the anal canal and demonstrated its asymmetrical configuration. The shorter anterior EAS and IAS associated with a longer gap could justify the higher incidence of pelvic floor dysfunction in females, especially fecal incontinence and anorectocele with rectal intussusception.