ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Pharmacologic stress testing is utilized in preference to exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) for cardiac risk evaluation in potential renal transplant recipients due to the perceived lower feasibility of ESE for achieving adequate workload and target heart rate (THR) in this population. METHODS: Consecutive patients referred for cardiac risk evaluation prior to potential kidney transplantation were evaluated. All patients attempted ESE before pharmacologic testing was considered. Treadmill ESE utilized BRUCE protocol to maximum capacity. THR was defined as >85% of the maximum predicted heart rate (220-age). Functional capacity was assessed by metabolic equivalents (METs) and the rate pressure product (RPP). RESULTS: Of 535 patients (349 male, age 56±11), 372(70%) reached THR. Mean METs were 10±3 with 531(99%) achieving ≥4 METs and 87% ≥7 METs. Mean RPP was 25 821±5820 bpm×mm Hg (83% achieving >20 000 bpm×mm Hg). On multivariate analysis, independent predictors of failure to reach THR were rate-control medication and diabetes; failure to reach 7 METs: females, diabetics, age≥65, and previous cardiac disease; failure to reach RPP>20 000: rate-control medication. There were 97% of ESE completed to physiologic endpoints. CONCLUSION: In unselected potential renal transplant candidates, cardiac assessment by ESE is well tolerated, with 9-in-10 exercising to satisfactory functional capacity. ESE should be considered a feasible alternative to pharmacologic testing in this population.
Subject(s)
Cardiorespiratory Fitness , Echocardiography, Stress , Exercise Test , Health Status Indicators , Kidney Transplantation , Preoperative Care/methods , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Feasibility Studies , Female , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/surgery , Retrospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Although uterine fibroids have been associated with spontaneous miscarriage, to our knowledge there have been no studies in the literature assessing their role in the recurrent miscarriage (RM) population. The aims of this study are to examine the impact of different types of fibroids on the pregnancy outcome of women with RM and to investigate to what extent resection of fibroids distorting the uterine cavity affects the outcome of a future pregnancy. METHODS: The study analysed retrospective and prospective data from a large tertiary referral RM clinic. Couples were investigated as per an established protocol. Fibroids were diagnosed using combined transvaginal ultrasound and hysterosalpingography. Fibroids distorting the uterine cavity were resected via hysteroscopy. Two study groups were subsequently examined: women with cavity-distorting fibroids who underwent surgery (n =25) and women with fibroids not distorting the cavity who did not undergo any intervention (n =54). The latter was compared with a control group of women with unexplained RM (n =285). RESULTS: The prevalence of fibroids was found to be 8.2% (79/966). In total, 264 pregnancies of women with fibroids and 936 pregnancies of women with unexplained RM were analysed. Women with intracavitary distortion and undergoing myomectomy significantly reduced their mid-trimester miscarriage rates in subsequent pregnancies from 21.7 to 0% (P< 0.01). This translated to an increase in the live birth rate from 23.3 to 52.0% (P< 0.05). Women with fibroids not distorting the cavity behaved similarly to women with unexplained RM achieving a 70.4% live birth rate in their subsequent pregnancies without any intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Fibroids are associated with increased mid-trimester losses amongst women with RM. Resection of fibroids distorting the uterine cavity can eliminate the mid-trimester losses and double the live birth rate in subsequent pregnancies. Women with fibroids not distorting the uterine cavity can achieve high live birth rates without intervention.
