[Out-of-hospital airway management with a laryngeal tube or endotracheal intubation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest : Influence on in-hospital mortality]. / Präklinisches Atemwegsmanagement mit Larynxtubus oder Endotrachealtubus bei präklinischem Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand : Einfluss auf die Krankenhausmortalität.

BACKGROUND: Endotracheal (ET) intubation has been the gold standard in out-of-hospital airway management for a long time. Recent guidelines suggest an alternative airway management with supraglottic airway devices like the laryngeal tube (LT) especially for less experienced rescue personnel. However, scientific evidence on the prognostic impact of the laryngeal tube in the setting of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is limited. METHODS: We aimed to compare mortality outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients after preclinically initiated airway management with either ET or LT in a propensity score matched, single-center retrospective analysis. RESULTS: A total of 208 patients with OHCA were resuscitated and intubated with either ET (n = 160; 77%) or LT (n = 48; 23%) in the urban area of Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and treated thereafter on the intensive care unit of the University Hospital Frankfurt from 2006-2014. In-hospital mortality was 84% versus 85% in the ET and LT group (p = 0.86). No difference regarding in-hospital mortality has been observed between the two airway management techniques in univariate as well as in multivariate mortality analysis (HR = 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69-1.39; p = 0.92; adjusted HR = 1.01, 95% CI 0.76-1.56; p = 0.62). To adjust for potential confounders, propensity score matching was additionally performed resulting in a cohort of 120 matched patients in a 3:1 ratio (ET:LT). Again, survival to hospital discharge was comparable between the two patient groups (propensity-adjusted HR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.65-1.51, p = 0.97). Further, preclinical airway management with LT or ET showed no difference in mortality within first 24 h (propensity-adjusted HR = 1.02; 95% CI 0.44-2.36; p = 0.96). CONCLUSION: Preclinical airway management with LT shows similar mortality outcomes in direct comparison to intubation with ET in OHCA patients. Further randomized studies are warranted.

Socioeconomic inequalities in duration of untreated psychosis: evidence from administrative data in England.

BACKGROUND: Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is an important measure of access to care as it predicts prognosis and treatment outcomes. Little is known about potential socioeconomic inequalities in DUP. The aim of this study was to investigate inequalities in DUP associated with socioeconomic deprivation in a national cohort in England. METHOD: We analysed a cohort of 887 patients with a first-episode in psychosis using the administrative Mental Health Services Dataset in England for 2012/13-2014/15. We used a Generalised Linear Model to account for non-linearity in DUP and looked at inequalities across the whole distribution of DUP using quantile regression. RESULTS: The median DUP was 22 days (mean = 74 days) with considerable variations between and within the 31 hospital providers. We found evidence of significant inequalities regarding the level of socioeconomic deprivation. Patients living in the second, third and fourth deprived neighbourhood quintiles faced a 36, 24 and 31 day longer DUP than patients from the least deprived neighbourhoods. Inequalities were more prevalent in higher quantiles of the DUP distribution. Unemployment prolonged DUP by 40 days. Having been in contact with mental health care services prior to the psychosis start significantly reduced the DUP by up to 53 days. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic deprivation is an important factor in explaining inequalities in DUP. Policies to improve equitable access to care should particularly focus on preventing very long delays in treatment and target unemployed patients as well as people that have not been in contact with any mental health professional in the past.

[Financial incentives on weight loss after rehabilitation]. / Finanzielle Anreize zur Gewichtsreduktion nach stationärer Rehabilitation.

INTRODUCTION: Increasing rates of obesity and associated diseases and their consequences make the implementation of preventive and counteracting measures necessary. The aim of this study was the examination of the long-term effects of financial incentives on weight loss in obese patients and the identification of influencing factors. METHODS: 700 obese patients were randomly assigned to one of three study conditions: For reaching a pre-defined target weight within 4 months they were rewarded with Euro 150, Euro 300 or not at all. The effect of the incentives on weight loss in different subgroups was compared. After 18 months, other possible influences on weight loss were analyzed by comparing responders and non-responders. RESULTS: Financial rewards led to significant weight loss in all subgroups, whereupon the height of the incentive only mattered in some. After 22 months, for several subgroups, the incentive's effect was still visible. Furthermore, responders showed more healthy behaviour, were better informed and reported more social support. CONCLUSION: Especially for patient groups who do not lose weight in orthodox treatments alone, financial incentives can be an effective supplement. In addition it became clear that this kind of reward programme can be implemented area-wide.

Susceptibility of pigeons to clade 1 and 2.2 high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 virus.

To assess the susceptibility of pigeons (Columba livia) to infection with H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV), four groups of 1-yr-old and 4-wk-old racing pigeons (10 birds in each group) were inoculated oculonasally with 106 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of A/crested eagle/Belgium/01/2004 (clade 1) or A/swan/Poland/305-135V08/2006 (clade 2.2). Contact specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were kept in the same isolators as young pigeons (two chickens per group). At 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days postinfection (PI) two pigeons from each infected group were selected randomly, and oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs (pigeons and contact chickens) as well as a number of internal organs (pigeons) were collected for viral RNA detection in real-time reverse transcription PCR (RRT-PCR) and histopathology. At the end of the experiment (14 days PI) blood samples from two pigeons in each group and from contact SPF chickens were also collected, and sera were tested using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA). During the observation period all pigeons remained clinically healthy, and no gross lesions were observed in any of the infected groups. SPF contact chickens were also healthy and negative in RRT-PCR and HI tests. However, the clade 1 H5N1 virus produced more sustained infection manifested by the presence of histopathologic changes (consisting mainly of mild to moderate hemorrhagic and inflammatory lesions), prolonged persistence of viral RNA (detectable between 3 and 10 days PI) in a variety of tissues of both adult and juvenile birds (with highest RNA load in lungs and brain) as well as slight viral shedding from the trachea and cloaca, but without transmission to SPF contact chickens. Additionally, two clade 1-infected adult pigeons sacrificed at the end of experiment showed seroconversion in bELISA and HI test (using homologous virus as antigen). The viral RNA was found only at day 3 PI in one adult pigeon inoculated with dade 2.2 H5N1 virus, but neither microscopic lesions nor seroconversion were found in any other tested birds inoculated with A/swan/Poland/305-135V08/2006. Our results support the observations that pigeons are resistant to H5N1 HPAIV (no deaths or clinical signs), but there may be clade-dependent differences in the pathogenic potentials of H5N1 HPAIV of Asian origin.

Bid-induced release of AIF from mitochondria causes immediate neuronal cell death.

Mitochondrial dysfunction and release of pro-apoptotic factors such as cytochrome c or apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria are key features of neuronal cell death. The precise mechanisms of how these proteins are released from mitochondria and their particular role in neuronal cell death signaling are however largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate by fluorescence video microscopy that 8-10 h after induction of glutamate toxicity, AIF rapidly translocates from mitochondria to the nucleus and induces nuclear fragmentation and cell death within only a few minutes. This markedly fast translocation of AIF to the nucleus is preceded by increasing translocation of the pro-apoptotic bcl-2 family member Bid (BH3-interacting domain death agonist) to mitochondria, perinuclear accumulation of Bid-loaded mitochondria, and loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity. A small molecule Bid inhibitor preserved mitochondrial membrane potential, prevented nuclear translocation of AIF, and abrogated glutamate-induced neuronal cell death, as shown by experiments using Bid small interfering RNA (siRNA). Cell death induced by truncated Bid was inhibited by AIF siRNA, indicating that caspase-independent AIF signaling is the main pathway through which Bid mediates cell death. This was further supported by experiments showing that although caspase-3 was activated, specific caspase-3 inhibition did not protect neuronal cells against glutamate toxicity. In conclusion, Bid-mediated mitochondrial release of AIF followed by rapid nuclear translocation is a major mechanism of glutamate-induced neuronal death.

Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia--report of a new c-mpl gene missense mutation.

A 44-month old girl with congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, already with pancytopenia, underwent an unrelated allogeneic cord blood transplantation with recovery of normal blood cell counts. The patient was a compound heterozygote for two c-mpl missense mutations inherited from both parents, one of them, a G578A exon 4 mutation leading to a cysteine to tyrosine replacement of codon 193, previously unreported.

A eubacterial origin for the human tRNA nucleotidyltransferase?

tRNA CCA-termini are generated and maintained by tRNA nucleotidyltransferases. Together with poly(A) polymerases and other enzymes they belong to the nucleotidyltransferase superfamily. However, sequence alignments within this family do not allow to distinguish between CCA-adding enzymes and poly(A) polymerases. Furthermore, due to the lack of sequence information about animal CCA-adding enzymes, identification of corresponding animal genes was not possible so far. Therefore, we looked for the human homolog using the baker's yeast tRNA nucleotidyltransferase as a query sequence in a BLAST search. This revealed that the human gene transcript CGI-47 (#AF151805) deposited in GenBank is likely to encode such an enzyme. To identify the nature of this protein, the cDNA of the transcript was cloned and the recombinant protein biochemically characterized, indicating that CGI-47 encodes a bona fide CCA-adding enzyme and not a poly(A) polymerase. This confirmed animal CCA-adding enzyme allowed us to identify putative homologs from other animals. Calculation of a neighbor-joining tree, using an alignment of several CCA-adding enzymes, revealed that the animal enzymes resemble more eubacterial ones than eukaryotic plant and fungal tRNA nucleotidyltransferases, suggesting that the animal nuclear cca genes might have been derived from the endosymbiotic progenitor of mitochondria and are therefore of eubacterial origin.

Lice, nits, and school policy.

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of head lice infestation is poorly understood. Many schools treat all children with nits as though they are contagious. Children with nits but no lice are often removed from school until they are treated and all visible nits are removed. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the probability that children with nits alone will become infested with lice. DESIGNS: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Two metropolitan Atlanta elementary schools. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1729 children were screened for head lice. Twenty-eight children (1.6%) had lice, whereas 63 (3.6%) had nits without lice. Fifty of the 63 children (79%) with nits alone completed follow-up. OUTCOME MEASURE: Conversion (ie, becoming infested with lice) within 14 days after initial screening. RESULTS: Nine of 50 children (18.0%) followed for nits alone converted. Although children who converted did not have significantly more nits than did nonconverters, having nits near the scalp was a risk factor for conversion. Seven of 22 children (31.8%) with >/=5 nits within one fourth inch of the scalp converted, compared with 2 of 28 children (7.1%) with fewer (relative risk: 4.45; 95% confidence interval: 1.03-19.35). This risk remained statistically significant after separately stratifying for sex, recent treatment, and total number of nits. CONCLUSIONS: Although having >/=5 nits within one fourth inch of the scalp was a risk factor for conversion, most children with nits alone did not become infested. Policies requiring exclusion from school and treatment for all children with nits alone are likely excessive. Instead, these children may benefit from repeated examination to exclude the presence of crawling lice.lice, pediculus, lice infestations, pediatrics, school.

Crkl enhances leukemogenesis in BCR/ABL P190 transgenic mice.

The adapter protein Crkl has been implicated in the abnormal signal transduction pathways activated by the Bcr/Abl oncoprotein, which causes Philadelphia-positive leukemias in humans. To investigate the role of Crkl in tumorigenesis, we have generated transgenic mice that express human Crkl from the CRKL promoter. Western blot analysis showed a 4-6-fold overexpression of transgenic Crkl above endogenous crkl in two lines and increased constitutive complex formation between Crkl and C3G, an exchange factor for the small GTPase Rap1. This was associated with a significant increase in integrin-based motility of transgenic macrophages. Overexpression of Crkl was associated with increased incidence of tumor formation, and Rap1 was activated in a metastatic mammary carcinoma. The coexpression of Crkl and Bcr/Abl in mice transgenic for P190 BCR/ABL and CRKL markedly increased the rapidity of development of leukemia/lymphoma, decreasing the average survival by 3.8 months. These results provide direct evidence that Crkl plays a role in tumor development and is important in the leukemogenesis caused by Bcr/Abl.

Purification and characterization of human cell--cell adhesion molecule 1 (C-CAM1) expressed in insect cells.

The cell--cell adhesion molecule 1 (C-CAM1) plays an important role as a tumor suppressor for prostate cancer. Decreased expression of C-CAM1 was detected in prostate, breast, and colon carcinoma. Reexpression of C-CAM1 in prostate and breast cancer cell lines was able to suppress tumorigenicity in vivo. These observations suggest that C-CAM1 may be used as a marker for cancer detection or diagnosis. To generate monoclonal antibodies specific to C-CAM1, we have overexpressed full-length human C-CAM1 in Sf9 cells using a baculovirus expression system. The protein was purified 104-fold using nickel affinity chromatography. About 0.4 mg purified C-CAM1 was obtained from 200 mg of infected cells. When the purified protein was digested with peptidyl-N-glycosidase, the apparent mobility of the protein on SDS--PAGE changed from 90 to 58 kDa, which is close to the molecular weight predicted from the cloned cDNA sequence. This observation suggests that C-CAM1 was glycosylated on asparagine residues when expressed in Sf9 cells. Western blotting and internal protein sequencing analysis confirmed that the purified protein is human C-CAM1. Biochemical and functional assays indicate that this protein expressed in Sf9 cells displays characteristics similar to those of native protein, including adhesion function and glycosylation modification. Using this protocol, sufficient quantity of this protein can be produced with purity suitable for monoclonal antibody generation and biochemical study.

The Bcr N-terminal oligomerization domain contributes to the full oncogenicity of P190 Bcr/Abl in transgenic mice.

The Bcr/Abl P190 oncoprotein is responsible for the development of Philadelphia-chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The Bcr moiety in Bcr/Abl activates the Abl tyrosine kinase, an ingredient essential for the transforming capability of Bcr/Abl. Residues 1-63 of Bcr form an N-terminal oligomerization domain and are key to Abl activation in vitro. Mice transgenic for P190 BCR/ABL reproducibly develop an aggressive B-lineage lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Here we test the hypothesis that residues 1-63 of Bcr have a major in vivo contribution to the oncogenicity of Bcr/Abl P190 by the generation of mice transgenic for an N-terminal deleted form of P190. We find that although the transgene is expressed in the bone marrow of mice at an early age, the incidence of leukemogenesis is greatly diminished as compared to mice transgenic for non-mutated P190 Bcr/Abl. Sporadic hematological malignancies which did develop showed decreased levels of phosphotyrosine as compared to those of wild-type P190 transgenics, although Ras was activated. These results demonstrate that the Bcr oligomerization domain contributes to the oncogenicity of Bcr/Abl in vivo.

Treatment of Bcr/Abl-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia in P190 transgenic mice with the farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH66336.

The Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome is found in approximately 3% of pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the percentage markedly increases in adult patients. The prognosis for this class of patients is poor, and no standard chemotherapy combination so far has demonstrated long-term efficacy. The Ph-translocation joins the BCR and ABL genes and leads to expression of a chimeric Bcr/Abl protein with enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. This increase in activity leads to malignant transformation by interference with basic cellular functions such as the control of proliferation, adherence to stroma and extracellular matrix, and apoptosis. One important pathway activated by Bcr/Abl is the Ras pathway. Ras proteins have to undergo a series of posttranslational modifications to become biologically active. The first modification is the farnesylation of the C-terminus catalyzed by farnesyl transferase. We studied the effect of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH66336 in an in vivo murine model of Bcr/Abl-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In the early leukemic phase, mice were randomly assigned to a treatment, a vehicle, and a nontreatment group. The treatment was well tolerated without any detectable side effects. All animals of the control groups died of leukemia/lymphoma within 103 days (range, 18-103 days). In contrast, 80% of the drug-receiving group survived without any signs of leukemia or lymphoma until termination of treatment, after a median treatment period of 200 days (range, 179-232 days). We conclude that farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH66336 is able to revert early signs of leukemia and significantly prolongs survival in a murine ALL model.

Reduced oncogenicity of p190 Bcr/Abl F-actin-binding domain mutants.

The deregulated Bcr/Abl tyrosine kinase is responsible for the development of Philadelphia (Ph)-positive leukemia in humans. To investigate the significance of the C-terminal Abl actin-binding domain within Bcr/Abl p190 in the development of leukemia/lymphoma in vivo, mutant p190 DNA constructs were used to generate transgenic mice. Eight founder and progeny mice of 5 different lines were monitored for leukemogenesis. Latency was markedly increased and occurrence decreased in the p190 del C lines as compared with nonmutated p190 BCR/ABL transgenics. Western blot analysis of involved hematologic tissues of the p190 del C transgenics with end-stage disease showed high-level expression of the transgene and tyrosine phosphorylation of Cbl and Hef1/Cas, proteins previously shown to be affected by Bcr/Abl. These results show that the actin-binding domain of Abl enhances leukemia development but does not appear to be an absolute requirement for leukemogenesis.

Double induction strategy including high dose cytarabine in combination with all-trans retinoic acid: effects in patients with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. German AML Cooperative Group.

A prospective multicenter study was performed to investigate the clinical and molecular results of intensified double induction therapy including high-dose cytarabine (ara-C) in combination with ATRA in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), followed by consolidation and 3 years maintenance therapy. Fifty-one patients, diagnosed and monitored from December 1994 to June 1999, were evaluated. The median age was 43 (16-60) years. The morphologic diagnosis was M3 in 40 (78%) and M3v in 11 (22%) patients. In 15 (30%) patients the initial white blood cell counts were > or =5 x 10(9)/l. The cytogenetic or molecular proof of the translocation t(15;17) was a mandatory prerequisite for eligibility. The diagnosis was confirmed by karyotyping in 46 and by RT-PCR of the PML/RARalpha transcript in 45 cases. The rate of complete hematological remission was 92% and the early death rate 8%. Monitoring of minimal residual disease by RT-PCR of PML/RARalpha (sensitivity 10(-4)) showed negativity in 29 of 32 (91%) evaluable cases after induction, in 23 of 25 (92%) after consolidation, and in 27 of 30 (90%) during maintenance, after a median time of 2, 4 and of 18 months after diagnosis, respectively. After a median follow-up of 27 months, the estimated actuarial 2 years overall and event-free survival were both 88% (79, 97), and the 2 years relapse-free survival 96% (90, 100). The high antileukemic efficacy of this treatment strategy is demonstrated by a rapid and extensive reduction of the malignant clone and by a low relapse rate. The results suggest that the intensity of the induction chemotherapy combined with ATRA is one of the factors which may have a critical influence on the outcome of APL. A randomized trial should assess the value of an induction therapy including ATRA and high-dose ara-C in comparison to standard-dose ara-C.

HERV-IP-T47D, a novel type C-related human endogenous retroviral sequence derived from T47D particles.

A new type C retrovirus-related endogenous pol sequence (ERV-FTD) found to be occasionally copackaged in retrovirus-like particles released by the human mammary carcinoma cell line T47D was used to screen a human genomic library (Seifarth W, Skladny H, Krieg-Schneider F, Reichert A, Hehlmann R, and Leib-Mösch C: J Virol 1995;69:6408-6416). The DNA sequence of one full-length clone now reveals a human endogenous proviral sequence (HERV) of 4190 bp in length comprising a 5' LTR (489 bp) and regions with 37 and 74% overall amino acid homology to RTVL-Ia gag and pol genes, respectively. About 35 related elements were found to be distributed on all human chromosomes except 16, 17, and Y. Sequence comparisons with Mo-MuLV and various type C-related HERVs suggest that despite a proline primer-binding site this novel HERV element, now named HERV-IP-T47D, can be assigned to one family together with known HERV-I elements. Phylogenetic analyses of 5 proviral and 25 solitary LTR sequences confirmed the existence of two distinct but closely related subgroups of the HERV-IP superfamily in the primate genome. In contrast to most known HERV-families, the evolutionary age of HERV-IP elements dates back prior to the divergence of New and Old World monkeys. Despite their old age, members of the HERV-IP family are still transcriptionally active and were found to be highly expressed in specific human tissues such as liver and kidney.

Repair of tRNAs in metazoan mitochondria.

The integrity of 3'-ends of tRNAs is essential for aminoacylation and consequently for protein synthesis. The CCA-termini are generated and, if truncated by exonucleolytic activity, restored by tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. However, further truncations at the 3'-end can occur by exonuclease activity or during processing of overlapping tRNA primary transcripts in metazoan mitochondria. In the latter case, the upstream tRNA is released in a 3'-truncated form (lacking up to six bases) and subsequently completed. In human mitochondria, tRNA(Tyr)(missing the discriminator nucleotide A(73)) is completed by a discriminator adding activity followed by CCA addition. Since in vivo a high percentage of further 3'-terminally degraded human tRNA(Tyr)transcripts could be observed, it was tested in an in vitro system whether this repair mechanism for tRNA 3'-ends acts also on these further degraded tRNA versions. Additionally, 3'-truncated versions of two non-overlapping mitochondrial tRNAs (tRNA(Thr)and tRNA(Phe)) were examined. The results show that these transcripts can be repaired during incubation. A similar base incorporating activity was observed in mouse mitochondria, indicating that a repair mechanism for the 3'-end of several tRNAs exists in mitochondria of humans and possibly other metazoans which goes beyond the CCA addition.

Molecular heterogeneity in complete cytogenetic responders after interferon-alpha therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia: low levels of minimal residual disease are associated with continuing remission. German CML Study Group and the UK MRC CML Study Group.

A substantial minority of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) achieve a complete response (CR) to treatment with interferon-alpha (IFN), defined as the disappearance of Philadelphia chromosome-positive metaphases. Currently it is unclear how long IFN treatment should be continued for such patients. We used a competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to quantify levels of BCR-ABL transcripts in 297 peripheral blood specimens collected from 54 patients who had achieved CR with IFN. The median duration of observation was 1.9 years (range, 0.3-11.0 years). Total ABL transcripts were quantified as internal control and results were expressed as the ratio BCR-ABL/ABL. All 54 patients had molecular evidence of residual disease, although 3 patients were intermittently PCR negative. The median BCR-ABL/ABL ratio at the time of maximal response for each patient was 0.045% (range, 0%-3. 6%). During the period of observation 14 patients relapsed, 11 cytogenetically to chronic phase disease and 3 directly to blastic phase. The median ratio of BCR-ABL/ABL at maximal response was significantly higher in patients who relapsed than in those who remained in CR (0.49% versus 0.021%, P < 0.0001). Our findings show that the level of residual disease falls with time in complete responders to IFN, but molecular evidence of disease is rarely if ever eliminated. The actual level of minimal residual disease correlates with the probability of relapse. We suggest that for patients who reach CR, IFN should be continued at least until relatively low levels of residual leukemia are achieved. (Blood. 2000;95:62-66)

Genetic and structural characterization of the human mitochondrial inner membrane translocase.

Translocation of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial preproteins is mediated by translocases in the outer and inner membranes. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, translocation of preproteins into the matrix requires the membrane proteins Tim23, Tim17 and Tim44, which drive translocation in cooperation with mtHsp70 and its co-chaperone Mge1p. We have cloned and functionally analyzed the human homologues of Tim17, Tim23 and Tim44. In contrast to yeast, two TIM17 genes were found to be expressed in humans. TIM44, TIM23 and TIM17a genes were mapped to chromosomes 19p13.2-p13.3, 10q11. 21-q11.23 and 1q32. The TIM17b gene mapped to Xp11.23, near the fusion point where an autosomal region was proposed to have been added to the "ancient" part of the X chromosome about 80-130 MY ago. The primary sequences of the two proteins, hTim17a and hTim17b, are essentially identical, significant differences being restricted to their C termini. They are ubiquitously expressed in fetal and adult tissues, and both show expression levels comparable to that of hTim23. Biochemical characterization of the human Tim components revealed that hTim44 is localized in the matrix and, in contrast to yeast, only loosely associated with the inner membrane. hTim23 is organized into two distinct complexes in the inner membrane, one containing hTim17a and one containing hTim17b. Both TIM complexes display a native molecular mass of 110 kDa. We suggest that the structural organization of TIM23.17 preprotein translocases is conserved from low to high eukaryotes.