Drug Therapy Problem Severity Following Hospitalization and Association With 30-Day Clinical Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Improved understanding of how drug therapy problems (DTPs) contribute to rehospitalization is needed. OBJECTIVE: The primary objectives were to assess the association of DTP likelihood of harm (LoH) severity score, as measured by comprehensive medication management (CMM) pharmacist after hospital discharge, with 30-day risk of hospital readmission, observation visit, or emergency department visit, and to determine whether resolution of DTPs reduces 30-day risk. Secondary objectives were to determine if any eventswere associated with DTPs and preventability of events. METHODS: Data were collected for 365 patients who received CMM following hospitalization and had at least 1 DTP identified. Retrospective chart reviews were completed for 80 patients with subsequent events to assess associationg with a DTP and its preventability. RESULTS: For each 1-point increment in maximum LoH score, there was 10% higher risk of the composite end point (hazard ratio [HR]=1.10; 95% CI:0.97-1.26; P=0.13). When DTPs were resolved by the CMM pharmacist, the association was attenuated, with a HR of 1.15 (95% CI:0.96-1.38; P=0.12) when the DTP was unresolved and HR of 1.09 (95% CI:0.96-1.25; P=0.52) when resolved; for hospital readmission alone, the corresponding HRs were 1.23 (95% CI:1.00-1.53; P=0.05) and 1.05 (95% CI:0.87-1.27; P=0.60). Of 80 subsequent events, 44 were associated with a medication; 22 were considered preventable. Conclusion and Relevance: The LoH severity score was associated with risk of 30-day events. The strength of association was attenuated when DTPs were resolved by the CMM pharmacist. However, because of statistical uncertainty, larger studies are needed to confirm these patterns.

Pharmacy Student Learning During Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences in Relation to the CAPE 2013 Outcomes.

Outcomes from The Center for Advancement of Pharmacy Education (CAPE) are intended to represent the terminal knowledge, skills, and attitudes pharmacy students should possess and have guided delivery of pharmacy education for more than two decades. Advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) are the endpoint of pharmacy curricula where demonstration and assessment of terminal learning occurs. This review examines published literature in relation to the most recent CAPE outcomes to determine the extent to which they have been addressed during APPEs since 1996. Details related to the APPE focus, intervention(s)/learning setting(s), and assessments are summarized according to the 15 CAPE outcomes. Further, the assessments are categorized according to the level of learning achieved using an available method. Common CAPE outcomes are highlighted, as well as those for which published reports are lacking for APPEs. The range and quality of assessments are discussed and emphasize the need for continuous improvement of scholarly design and assessment.

Interprofessional Collaboration to Improve Discharge from Skilled Nursing Facility to Home: Preliminary Data on Postdischarge Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits.

An interprofessional collaborative practice model was established at Hennepin County Medical Center to improve discharge management from the transitional care unit of the skilled nursing facility (SNF) to home. The practice model involves a geriatrician, nurse practitioner, and pharmacist who care for individuals at a community-based SNF. Before SNF discharge, the pharmacist conducts a chart and in-person medication review and collaborates with the nurse practitioner to determine the discharge medication regimen. The pharmacist's review focuses on assessing the indication, safety, effectiveness, and convenience of medications. The pharmacist provides follow-up in-home or over the telephone 1 week after SNF discharge, focusing on reviewing medications and assessing adherence. Hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits 30 days after SNF discharge of individuals who received care from this model was compared with those of individuals who received usual care from a nurse practitioner and geriatrician. From October 2012 through December 2013, the intervention was delivered to 87 individuals, with 189 individuals serving as the control group. After adjusting for age, sex, race, and payor, those receiving the intervention had a lower risk of ED visits (odds ratio (OR) = 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.22-0.97), although there was no significant difference in hospitalizations (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.21-1.08). The study suggests that an interprofessional approach involving a pharmacist may be beneficial in reducing ED visits 30 days after SNF discharge.

Integrating a pharmacist into a home healthcare agency care model: impact on hospitalizations and emergency visits.

Medication regimens can be complicated during the transition from hospital to home for a variety of reasons. The primary purpose of this retrospective study was to measure the impact of integrating a pharmacist into a model of care at a Medicare-certified home healthcare agency for clients recently discharged from the hospital. The secondary purpose was to describe the medication-related problems among clients receiving services from the model of care involving a pharmacist. Integrating a pharmacist within the model of care demonstrated a positive clinical impact on clients.