Enhancing microalgae biomass production: Exploring improved scraping frequency in a hybrid cultivation system.

Recently, hybrid systems, such as those incorporating high-rate algal ponds (HRAPs) and biofilm reactors (BRs), have shown promise in treating domestic wastewater while cultivating microalgae. In this context, the objective of the present study was to determine an improved scraping frequency to maximize microalgae biomass productivity in a mix of industrial (fruit-based juice production) and domestic wastewater. The mix was set to balance the carbon/nitrogen ratio. The scraping strategy involved maintaining 1 cm wide stripes to retain an inoculum in the reactor. Three scraping frequencies (2, 4, and 6 days) were evaluated. The findings indicate that a scraping frequency of each 2 days provided the highest biomass productivity (18.75 g total volatile solids m-2 d-1). The species' behavior varied with frequency: Chlorella vulgaris was abundant at 6-day intervals, whereas Tetradesmus obliquus favored shorter intervals. Biomass from more frequent scraping demonstrated a higher lipid content (15.45%). Extrapolymeric substance production was also highest at the 2-day frequency. Concerning wastewater treatment, the system removed 93% of dissolved organic carbon and ∼100% of ammoniacal nitrogen. Combining industrial and domestic wastewater sources to balance the carbon/nitrogen ratio enhanced treatment efficiency and biomass yield. This study highlights the potential of adjusting scraping frequencies in hybrid systems for improved wastewater treatment and microalgae production.

Estudo sobre o acolhimento de crianças e adolescentes em instituições para pessoas com deficiência / A study on admitting children and adolescents into institutions for people with disabilities

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar as instituições de acolhimento para pessoas com deficiência no estado de São Paulo, assim como analisar o acolhimento de crianças e adolescentes nestes serviços. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter descritivo e corte transversal. Na primeira etapa de coleta de dados, o estudo realizou um mapeamento das instituições em diferentes cadastros, de livre acesso, dos serviços públicos e conveniados, ligados à gestão federal, estadual e municipal nas áreas da infância, assistência social e saúde. Na segunda etapa, a coleta de dados ocorreu por meio da leitura de prontuários em uma instituição específica. Como resultado, o estudo indica ausência de tipificação única ou regulamentação específica, assim como a falta de práticas de desinstitucionalização e desarticulação com a rede intersetorial. Os resultados revelam, também, que a internação de crianças e adolescentes é recorrente nessas instituições e retratam características desta prática: ocorrência de transinstitucionalização, internações via determinação judicial e falta ou precariedade de serviços territoriais e de ações intersetoriais. Por fim, é apontada a necessidade de implantação de redes substitutivas e desenvolvimento de ações intersetoriais de atenção para crianças e adolescentes. Além da fundamental relevância de aprofundamento sobre a população institucionalizada.

Abstract This study seeks to investigate the care institutions for people with disabilities in São Paulo State and analyze the admission of children and adolescents to these services. This is a qualitative descriptive study with a cross-sectional sample. In its first stage, this study mapped the institutions in different free-access registers of public and contracted services, tied to federal, state, or municipal management in the areas of childhood, social assistance, and health. In its second step, data were collected by reading the medical records of a specific institution. As a result, this study points to the lack of a single typification or specific regulation, the absence of deinstitutionalization practices, and the lack of coordination with the intersectoral network. Results also show that the recurrent institutionalization of children and adolescents in these institutions and describes the characteristics of this practice: the occurrence of transinstitutionalization, hospitalizations via judicial determination, and lack or precariousness of territorial services and intersectoral actions. Finally, this research points to the need for implementing substitutive networks and developing intersectoral actions of care for children and adolescents and highlights the key relevance of further developing knowledge about the institutionalized population.

Production of Mannosylerythritol Lipids Using Oils from Oleaginous Microalgae: Two Sequential Microorganism Culture Approach.

Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are biosurfactants with excellent biochemical properties and a wide range of potential applications. However, most of the studies focusing on MELs high titre production have been relying in the use of vegetable oils with impact on the sustainability and process economy. Herein, we report for the first time MELs production using oils produced from microalgae. The bio-oil was extracted from Neochloris oleoabundans and evaluated for their use as sole carbon source or in a co-substrate strategy, using as an additional carbon source D-glucose, on Moesziomyces spp. cultures to support cell growth and induce the production of MELs. Both Moesziomyces antarcticus and M. aphidis were able to grow and produce MELs using algae-derived bio-oils as a carbon source. Using a medium containing as carbon sources 40 g/L of D-glucose and 20 g/L of bio-oils, Moesziomyces antarcticus and M. aphidis produced 12.47 ± 0.28 and 5.72 ± 2.32 g/L of MELs, respectively. Interestingly, there are no significant differences in productivity when using oils from microalgae or vegetable oils as carbon sources. The MELs productivities achieved were 1.78 ± 0.04 and 1.99 ± 0.12 g/L/h, respectively, for M. antarcticus fed with algae-derived or vegetable oils. These results open new perspectives for the production of MELs in systems combining different microorganisms.

[From the psychiatric to the psychosocial crisis: the views present in the Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Care Centers]. / Da crise psiquiátrica à crise psicossocial: noções presentes nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenis.

This article aims to identify the signs of crisis present in the discourses of Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPSij) workers and managers, in the light of the current paradigms in the field, indicating possible impasses and advances in psychosocial care for children and adolescents. We present the results of three exploratory and qualitative studies, which address the theme of the crisis in the CAPSij in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. We used as data collection instruments: a questionnaire, semi-structured interview scripts, and a focus group. We used the Thematic Content Analysis for data analysis, identifying two main categories: psychiatric crisis and psychosocial crisis. The notion of psychiatric crisis refers to the presence of acute symptoms and discusses how insufficient this conception is to respond to the complexity of crisis situations. The notion of a psychosocial crisis inscribes suffering as a singular and social experience revealing the importance of micro (family, school, other institutions, and community) and macro-social (social, historical, cultural, political, and economic) contexts in understanding the crisis. It is understood that the presence of both notions evidences the coexistence of psychiatric and psychosocial paradigms, revealing the process of paradigmatic transition in which these services are inserted. Finally, it is reiterated that the production of psychic suffering in children and adolescents is complex and that, to the same extent, their resources and responses should also be complex, thus protecting them from processes that produce more suffering such as institutionalization, pathologization, medicalization, and stigmatization.

Este artigo tem como objetivo identificar as noções de crise presentes nos discursos de trabalhadores e gestores de Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenis (CAPSij), à luz dos paradigmas vigentes no campo, indicando possíveis impasses e avanços da atenção psicossocial de crianças e adolescentes. Serão apresentados os resultados articulados de três estudos exploratórios de natureza qualitativa, que abordam o tema da crise nos CAPSij da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram utilizados como instrumentos de coleta de dados: questionário, roteiros de entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupo focal. Para análise de dados utilizou-se a Análise de Conteúdo Temática, identificando duas categorias principais: crise psiquiátrica e crise psicossocial. A noção de crise psiquiátrica se refere à presença de sintomas agudos e discute-se o quanto essa concepção é insuficiente para responder à complexidade das situações de crise. A noção de crise psicossocial inscreve o sofrimento como uma experiência singular e social, revelando a importância dos contextos microssociais (família, escola, assim como outras instituições e comunidades) e macrossociais (dimensões sociais, históricas, culturais, políticas e econômicas) na compreensão da crise. A presença de ambas as noções evidencia a coexistência dos paradigmas psiquiátrico e psicossociai, além de revelar o processo de transição paradigmática em que esses serviços se encontram. Por fim, reiteramos que a produção do sofrimento psíquico em crianças e adolescentes é complexa e, na mesma medida, seus recursos e respostas também deverão ser, protegendo-os, assim, de processos que produzem mais sofrimento como a institucionalização, a patologização, a medicalização e a estigmatização.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo identificar las nociones de crisis presentes en los discursos de los trabajadores y gestores de los Centros de Atención Psicosocial Infantil y Juvenil (CAPSij), a la luz de los paradigmas actuales en el campo, indicando posibles impasses y avances de la atención psicosocial de niños y adolescentes. Se presentan los resultados articulados de tres estudios exploratorios y de naturaleza cualitativa que abordan el tema de la crisis en los CAPSij de la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil. Se utilizaron como instrumentos de recogida de datos: cuestionario, guiones de entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupo de discusión. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el Análisis de Contenido Temático, identificando dos categorías principales: crisis psiquiátrica y crisis psicosocial. La noción de crisis psiquiátrica se refiere a la presencia de síntomas agudos y se discute cómo este concepto es insuficiente para responder a la complejidad de las situaciones de crisis. La noción de crisis psicosocial inscribe el sufrimiento como una experiencia singular y social, revelando la importancia de los contextos microsocial (familia, escuela, otras instituciones y comunidad) y macrosocial (dimensiones sociales, históricas, culturales, políticas y económicas) en la comprensión de la crisis. Se entiende que la presencia de ambas nociones pone de manifiesto la coexistencia de los paradigmas psiquiátrico y psicosocial, revelando el proceso de transición paradigmática en el que se encuentran estos servicios. Finalmente, se reitera que la producción de sufrimiento psicológico en los niños y adolescentes es compleja y que, en la misma medida, sus recursos y respuestas deben ser también complejos, protegiéndolos de procesos que producen más sufrimiento como la institucionalización, la patologización, la medicalización y la estigmatización.

Impacts of COVID-19 on children and adolescents: A systematic review analyzing its psychiatric effects.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the most relevant data from a systematic review on the impact of COVID-19 on children and adolescents, particularly analyzing its psychiatric effects. METHODS: This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and included experimental studies (randomized-individually or pooled-and non-randomized controlled trials), observational studies with a group for internal comparison (cohort studies-prospective and retrospective-and case-control) and qualitative studies in the period from 2021 to 2022. RESULTS: The search identified 325 articles; we removed 125 duplicates. We selected 200 manuscripts, chosen by title and selected abstracts. We excluded 50 records after screening titles and abstracts, as they did not meet the inclusion criteria. We retrieved 150 records selected for a full reading. We excluded 90 text articles and we selected 25 records for the (n) final. Limitations: Due to the short period of data collection, from 2021 to 2022, there is a possibility of lack of relevant studies related to the mental health care of children and adolescents. In addition, there is the possibility of publication bias, such as only significant findings being published. CONCLUSION: The impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of children and adolescents is of great concern to child and youth psychiatry. Situations such as fear, anxiety, panic, depression, sleep and appetite disorders, as well as impairment in social interactions caused by psychic stress, are punctual markers of pain and psychic suffering, which have increasing impacts on the mental health panorama of children and adolescents globally, particularly in vulnerable and socially at-risk populations.

Effect of brewery effluent inhibitors on Rhodotorula toruloides NCYC 921 cells grown in pure and mixed cultures at pH 4 and 6.

The presence of inhibitor compounds in the culture medium can cause severe effects on the microorganisms cells. Brewery wastewaters present organic acids (acetic, propionic and butyric acids) which can severely affect yeast cells metabolism, when grown in pure cultures, although in mixed cultures they are able to develop. To understand the physiological changes on Rhodotorula toruloides (formerly Rhodosporidium toruloides) cells when fermenting in the presence of the organic acids present in brewery wastewater, pure and mixed cultures with the microalga Tetradesmus obliquus were performed in a synthetic medium containing the same organic acids concentrations that are present in brewery wastewater at pH 4 and 6. It was concluded that, at pH 4, the organic acids effects in the yeast cells were much more toxic than at pH 6. Moreover, mixed cultures can be an advantage over heterotrophic pure cultures as the microalga is able to contribute for the consumption of potential inhibitors for the yeast.

Lipid and Carotenoid Production by a Rhodosporidium toruloides and Tetradesmus obliquus Mixed Culture Using Primary Brewery Wastewater Supplemented with Sugarcane Molasses and Urea.

In this study, Rhodosporidium toruloides and Tetradesmus obliquus were used for lipid and carotenoid production in mixed cultures using primary brewery wastewater (PBWW) as a culture medium, supplemented with sugarcane molasses (SCM) as a carbon source and urea as a nitrogen source. To improve biomass, lipid, and carotenoid production by R. toruloides and T. obliquus mixed cultures, initial SCM concentrations ranging from 10 to 280 g L-1 were tested. The medium that allowed higher lipid content (26.2% w/w dry cell weight (DCW)) and higher carotenoid productivity (10.47 µg L-1 h-1) was the PBWW medium supplemented with 100 g L-1 of SCM and 2 g L-1 of urea, which was further used in the fed-batch mixed cultivation performed in a 7-L bioreactor. A maximum biomass concentration of 58.6 g L-1 and maximum lipid content of 31.2% w/w DCW were obtained in the fed-batch cultivation. PBWW supplemented with SCM was successfully used as a low-cost medium to produce lipids and carotenoids in a R. toruloides and T. obliquus mixed culture, with higher productivities than in pure cultures, which can significantly reduce the cost of the biofuels obtained.

Impact of High-Pressure Homogenization on the Cell Integrity of Tetradesmus obliquus and Seed Germination.

Microalgae have almost unlimited applications due to their versatility and robustness to grow in different environmental conditions, their biodiversity and variety of valuable bioactive compounds. Wastewater can be used as a low-cost and readily available medium for microalgae, while the latter removes the pollutants to produce clean water. Nevertheless, since the most valuable metabolites are mainly located inside the microalga cell, their release implies rupturing the cell wall. In this study, Tetradesmus obliquus grown in 5% piggery effluent was disrupted using high-pressure homogenization (HPH). Effects of HPH pressure (100, 300, and 600 bar) and cycles (1, 2 and 3) were tested on the membrane integrity and evaluated using flow cytometry and microscopy. In addition, wheat seed germination trials were carried out using the biomass at different conditions. Increased HPH pressure or number of cycles led to more cell disruption (75% at 600 bar and 3 cycles). However, the highest increase in wheat germination and growth (40-45%) was observed at the lowest pressure (100 bar), where only 46% of the microalga cells were permeabilised, but not disrupted. Non-treated T. obliquus cultures also revealed an enhancing effect on root and shoot length (up to 40%). The filtrate of the initial culture also promoted shoot development compared to water (21%), reinforcing the full use of all the process fractions. Thus, piggery wastewater can be used to produce microalgae biomass, and mild HPH conditions can promote cell permeabilization to release sufficient amounts of bioactive compounds with the ability to enhance plant germination and growth, converting an economic and environmental concern into environmentally sustainable applications.

Deaths announced in Brazil - A dark sweetness: COVID-19 among children and adolescents.

While the Ministry of Health of Brazil postpones the inclusion of children aged 5-12 years in the National Immunization Plan against COVID-19, current evidence highlights that the number of hospitalizations and deaths caused by COVID-19 in the pediatric population, of in general, including the group of children aged 5-11 years, it is not within acceptable levels. Unfortunately, child mortality and fatality rates in Brazil are among the highest in the world. In 2020, there were 1203 deaths from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SRAG). In 2021, there were 2293. Also 65 deaths were reported from Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (P-SIM); an aggressive manifestation of the virus in children.

Biofuel recovery from microalgae biomass grown in dairy wastewater treated with activated sludge: The next step in sustainable production.

Microalgae biofuel could be the next step in avoiding the excessive use of fossil fuels and reducing negative impacts on the environment. In the present study, two species of microalgae (Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris) were used for biomass production, grown in dairy wastewater treated by activated sludge systems. The photobioreactors were operated in batch and in continuous mode. The dry biomass produced was in the range of 2.30 to 3.10 g L-1. The highest volumetric yields for lipids and carbohydrates were 0.068 and 0.114 g L-1 day-1. Maximum CO2 biofixation (750 mg L-1 day-1) was obtained in continuous mode. The maximum values for lipids (21%) and carbohydrates (39%) were recorded in the batch process with species Scenedesmus obliquus. In all of the experiments, the Linolenic acid concentration (C18:3) was greater than 12%, achieving satisfactory oxidative stability and good quality. Projected biofuel production could vary between 4,863,708 kg and 9,246,456 kg year-1 if all the dairy wastewater produced in Brazil were used for this purpose. Two hectares would be needed to produce 24,99 × 109 L year-1 of microalgae bioethanol, a far lower value than used in cultivating sugar cane. If all dairy wastewater generated annually in Brazil were used to produce microalgae biomass, it would be possible to obtain approximately 30,609 to 53,647 barrels of biodiesel per year. These data show that only by using dairy wastewater would biofuels be produced to replace 17% to 40% of the fossil fuels currently used in Brazil.

Pandemic of hunger: The severe nutritional deficiency that kills Yanomami ethnic children.

Chronic malnutrition is the painful reality that Yanomami children face in Brazil's largest Indigenous Land and is pointed out by specialists as one of the results of the federal government's "anti-indigenous policy". The lack, or scarcity, of medical care, together with the lack of environmental inspection, pushes the Yanomami into a desperate scenario. It is estimated that 20,000 illegal miners operate in the territory. Mining activity contaminates rivers with mercury and has caused deformities and illnesses in women and children. They live on the largest indigenous reserve in Brazil. There are nine million hectares within the Amazon Forest. Malaria has persistently advanced in Yanomami land: there are more than 16,000 cases this year alone. Several children are dying.

Rhodosporidium toruloides and Tetradesmus obliquus Populations Dynamics in Symbiotic Cultures, Developed in Brewery Wastewater, for Lipid Production.

In this work, primary brewery wastewater (PBWW) and secondary brewery wastewater (SBWW) separately, or mixed at the ratios of 1:1 (PBWW:SBWW) and 1:7 (PBWW:SBWW), with or without supplementation with sugarcane molasses (SCM), were used as culture media for lipid production by a mixed culture of the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides NCYC 921 and the microalgae Tetradesmus obliquus (ACOI 204/07). Flow cytometry was used to understand the dynamics of the two micro-organisms during the mixed cultures evolution, as well as to evaluate the physiological states of each micro-organism, in order to assess the impact of the different brewery effluent media composition on the microbial consortium performance. Both brewery wastewaters (primary and secondary) without supplementation did not allow R. toruloides heterotrophic growth. Nevertheless, all brewery wastewater media, with and without SCM supplementation, allowed the microalgae growth, although the yeast was the dominant population. The maximum total biomass concentration of 2.17 g L-1 was achieved in the PBWW mixed cultivation with 10 g L-1 of SCM. The maximum lipid content (14.86% (w/w DCW)) was obtained for the mixed culture developed on SBWW supplemented with 10 g L-1 of SCM. This work demonstrated the potential of using brewery wastewater supplemented with SCM as a low-cost culture medium to grow R. toruloides and T. obliquus in a mixed culture for brewery wastewater treatment with concomitant lipid production.

Generation of innocents become enduring victims of a terrible war: Vulnerabilities of children and adolescents in Syria.

Estimates suggest that so far in 2021, about two children have died each week at Al Hol camp in northeast Syria. Current evidence states that more than 90% of children are under the age of 12, and that they face circumstances contrasting with severely restricted freedoms and human rights violations. They do not have access to clean water or adequate food. Recent examples of violence and fears of a massive outbreak of COVID-19 only increase the suffering. In this context, the global debate discusses exposure to these conditions and their psychological and physical effects on children's well-being, mainly due to reports of sexual violence, exploitation, harassment, trafficking, and indoctrination. It is important to emphasize that girls are particularly vulnerable to sexual abuse, needing gender-specific support through their physical and psychological pain.

Echoes of Global Silence: Is there protection and safety for Venezuelan children and adolescents?

As the crisis in Venezuela deepens, an increasing number of children urgently needs shelter, protection, and access to basic services, including food, medicine, clean water, and sanitation. Children and young people in transit are particularly at risk of criminal activity or being separated from their families. The consequences of the humanitarian crisis for children could be devastating for the country's future. The child labor problem was fueled by a mass migration of more than five million Venezuelans that turned many children into livelihoods for their families. The pandemic has aggravated risk factors for child labor. The work ranges from working in dumps to agricultural fields, adding that children in rural areas are more likely to depend on public assistance and are at greater risk of being recruited by gangs. Some Venezuelan women and girls are traveling for hours or days to cross the Colombian border and earn money as sex workers. The complex and multifaceted reality of international migration reveals enormous challenges that directly affect the lives of children and adolescents, especially the most vulnerable, and demand urgent responses from the constituted powers and civil society in the face of countless human rights violations those people experience.

Victims of sexual exploitation and violence in Brazil.

At least 8.9% of Brazilian women have already suffered some type of sexual violence in their lives. Every hour, Brazil has 2.2 cases of sexual violence against children and adolescents. Of the approximately 35,000 cases of violence against children and adolescents in 2021, in around 12,000 ethnic groups were not identified, 10,064 were white, 9634 were brown, 2505 black, 141 yellow, and 61 indigenous. If compared to age groups, boys from zero to 6 years reach 30%, but when the age is 12 to 18, women reach 91% of the victims. The whistleblowers are almost always anonymous, unlike in the case of violence against women, which are usually the victims themselves who complain or when they are third parties, they are usually identified. According to official data, around 96% of sexual violence takes place at home. The data are frightening and prove that sexual violence is the result of a scenario of gender inequality because it affects the lives of girls and women in a much more profound way.

Cemetery, tombstones, tears and hidden silences: Suicide in children and adolescents.

Recent studies have reported a deterioration in children's mental health since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, with an increase in anxiety and mood disorders leading to significant suicidal ideation and suicide rates. Suicide is complex, and individual tragedies and circumstances can diverge. Evidence suggests that the mental health and well-being of some children and youth were substantially affected because of and during the pandemic. Those with pre-existing mental health problems that experienced the most negative impacts compared to pre-pandemic data.

"When night falls": Violence against women and its repercussions on children and adolescents.

Violence against women is a profound global injustice. It is a major obstacle to fulfilling the human rights of women and their children. Confined to their aggressors, women exposed to this violence have even greater difficulty in accessing support networks and care services. Furthermore, the economic impact of the pandemic, which disproportionately affected women, created additional barriers. In reality, however, femicide is forgotten, underestimated, and poorly prosecuted throughout the world. In this context, more than 100 children witnessed a murder or were at home when it took place. This form of indirect violence is vicarious, in which children are left out, anonymous, and invisible. The trauma generated potentiates mentalization difficulties, emotional dependence, and instability in future relationships, caused by pain and psychological suffering.

O bebê com zika e o pai (d)eficiente / The baby with zika and the (dis)efficient father

Resumo Introdução: O aspecto subjetivo se revela no cuidado que o sujeito oferece e permite ressignificar sua subjetividade, atribuindo sentidos às experiências vividas no contexto inserido. Assim, familiares e profissionais criam manejos de cuidado aos bebês de acordo com suas necessidades, neste caso, bebês acometidos pelo vírus Zika. Objetivo: analisar a dimensão subjetiva implicada nos cuidados ofertados por pais homens aos bebês com síndrome congênita do Zika (SCZv). Método: Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa com pais e profissionais de um serviço aos bebês com SCZv. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais, grupos focais e a observação participante. Resultados: Em cenário de protagonismo materno, a presença paterna é quase ausente na maioria das famílias, mas quando há, os pais se mostram bastante atuantes no cuidado. Tais ações paternas são moldadas pela lógica masculina, como o apoio emocional dirigido à mulher, mas a não expressão das próprias emoções, além de atividades predominantes fora do lar. Na perspectiva paterna, é importante considerarmos o movimento tautológico de todos os lados possíveis promotores do afastamento dos pais - ora eles mesmos, ora a mãe, ora o serviço de saúde - para assim permitir o desfocar dos pré-conceitos e possibilitar a reflexão conjunta das inúmeras formas de exercitar a paternidade.

Abstract Introduction: The subjective aspect is revealed in the care that the subject offers, in addition, it makes it possible to reframe their subjectivity, attributing meanings to the experiences lived within the inserted context. Thus, family members and professionals create care management for babies according to their needs, in this case, babies affected by the Zika virus. Objective: to analyze the subjective dimension involved in the care offered by male parents to babies with congenital Zika syndrome (SCZv). Method: This is a qualitative research with parents and professionals from a service for babies with SCZv. Individual interviews, focus groups and participant observation were carried out. Results: In a scenario of maternal protagonism, the paternal presence is almost absent in most families, but when there is, the parents are quite active in the care. Such paternal actions are shaped by male logic, such as emotional support directed at women, but the non-expression of their own emotions, in addition to predominant activities outside the home. In the paternal perspective, it is important to consider the tautological movement from all sides as possible promoters of the fathers' distance - now themselves, now the mother, now the health service - in order to allow the unfocusing of preconceptions and enable the joint reflection of countless ways to exercise paternity.

The role of microalgae in the bioeconomy.

The bioeconomy is a new and essential paradigm for reducing our dependence on natural resources and responding to the environmental threats that the Earth is currently facing. In this regard, microalgae offer almost unlimited possibilities for developing a modern bioeconomy given their metabolic flexibility and high biomass output rates, even when produced under harsh conditions, such as when treating wastewaters or using flue gases. In this article, the microalgal contribution to important economic activities such as the production of food and feed, cosmetics and health-related compounds is reviewed. Moreover, potential contributions of microalgae to emerging sectors are discussed, as in the production of biomaterials, agriculture-related products, biofuels and provision of services such as wastewater treatment and the clean-up of industrial gases. The different microalgal production technologies have also been analyzed to identify the main bottlenecks affecting microalgal use in different applications. Finally, the major challenges facing microalgal biotechnology in enlarging its contribution to the bioeconomy are evaluated, and future trends discussed.

Pensar, sentir e agir de profissionais que atuam com gestantes e mães com bebês no sistema prisional / The way of thinking, feeling and acting of professionals who deal with pregnant women and mothers with babies in penal institutions

Resumo Introdução: a maternidade no contexto prisional assume especial complexidade devido aos efeitos psicossociais do aprisionamento, que repercutem nas mães prisioneiras e nos profissionais que atuam no meio. Objetivo: identificar formas de pensar, sentir e agir de profissionais que trabalham em contexto prisional com prisioneiras gestantes e com bebês. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa, com uso de entrevistas com profissionais que atuavam em unidades prisionais materno-infantis do estado de São Paulo. A coleta dos dados ocorreu em 2015. Os discursos foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo com categorização temática. Utilizou-se Winnicott e Krech como referenciais teóricos. Resultados: a análise dos discursos revelou que os profissionais precisam lidar com as limitações institucionais e as vulnerabilidades sociais das presas. Nesse contexto, atuam com base em ideias fundamentadas nas áreas em que trabalham, como as esferas sociais, jurídicas e religiosas, e são movidos por ideais contraditórios, pautados pelos direitos humanos e pela rigidez prisional da segurança, próxima da lógica da punição. Reuniões multiprofissionais para reflexões críticas potencializam o enfrentamento das adversidades. Conclusão: o compartilhamento coletivo de impotências e de potencialidades parece possibilitar novas reconfigurações do trabalho e edificar uma atuação interdisciplinar para o enfrentamento dos efeitos institucionais e psicossociais do aprisionamento.

Abstract Introduction: the motherhood experience in prison involves a unique complexity due to psychosocial effects of imprisonment, which rebound in both the incarcerated mothers and professionals working in the prison system. Objective: to identify the ways of thinking, feeling, and acting of the professionals who deal with pregnant women and mothers with babies in prisons. Methods: qualitative research conducted in 2015 with data obtained by interviews with professionals who worked for prison units in the state of São Paulo. Data underwent thematic content analysis, based on Winnicott's and Krech's studies. Results: the analysis revealed that those professionals need to deal with institutional limitations and inmates' social vulnerabilities. They relied on notions from their own working field, such as the social, legal, and religious spheres. Moreover, the professionals are driven by contradictory ideals grounded on human rights and on prison rigidity, which comes near to the punishment logic. Multidisciplinary meetings for critical reflections help overcoming these adversities. Conclusion: the collective sharing of helplessness and potentialities seems to enable new working reconfigurations and build an interdisciplinary action to face imprisonment institutional and psychosocial effects.