ABSTRACT
The catalysed ring opening copolymerizations (ROCOP) of carbon dioxide/epoxide or anhydride/epoxide are controlled polymerizations that access useful polycarbonates and polyesters. Here, a systematic investigation of a series of heterodinuclear Mg(II)M(II) complexes reveals which metal combinations are most effective. The complexes combine different first row transition metals (M(II)) from Cr(II) to Zn(II), with Mg(II); all complexes are coordinated by the same macrocyclic ancillary ligand and by two acetate co-ligands. The complex syntheses and characterization data, as well as the polymerization data, for both carbon dioxide/cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and endo-norbornene anhydride (NA)/cyclohexene oxide, are reported. The fastest catalyst for both polymerizations is Mg(II)Co(II) which shows propagation rate constants (kp ) of 34.7â mM-1 s-1 (CO2 ) and 75.3â mM-1 s-1 (NA) (100 °C). The Mg(II)Fe(II) catalyst also shows excellent performances with equivalent rates for CO2 /CHO ROCOP (kp =34.7â mM-1 s-1 ) and may be preferable in terms of metallic abundance, low cost and low toxicity. Polymerization kinetics analyses reveal that the two lead catalysts show overall second order rate laws, with zeroth order dependencies in CO2 or anhydride concentrations and first order dependencies in both catalyst and epoxide concentrations. Compared to the homodinuclear Mg(II)Mg(II) complex, nearly all the transition metal heterodinuclear complexes show synergic rate enhancements whilst maintaining high selectivity and polymerization control. These findings are relevant to the future design and optimization of copolymerization catalysts and should stimulate broader investigations of synergic heterodinuclear main group/transition metal catalysts.
ABSTRACT
Titanium(IV) complexes of amino-tris(phenolate) ligands (LTiX, X = chloride, isopropoxide) together with bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride (PPNCl) are active catalyst systems for the ring-opening copolymerization of carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide. They show moderate activity, with turnover frequency values of â¼60 h-1 (0.02 mol % of catalyst, 80 °C, 40 bar of CO2) and high selectivity (carbonate linkages >90%), but their absolute performances are lower than those of the most active Ti(IV) catalyst systems. The reactions proceed with linear evolution of polycarbonate (PCHC) molar mass with epoxide conversion, consistent with controlled polymerizations, and evolve bimodal molar mass distributions of PCHC (up to M n = 42 kg mol-1). The stoichiometric reaction between [LTiO i Pr] and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride, PPh4Cl, allows isolation of the putative catalytic intermediate [LTi(O i Pr)Cl]-, which is characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The anionic titanium complex [LTi(OR)Cl]- is proposed as a model for the propagating alkoxide intermediates in the catalytic cycle.
ABSTRACT
Two new trinuclear copper(ii) complexes without end-capping ligands, (Bu4N)2[Cu(dmso)2{Cu(dnopba)(dmso)}2] () and (Bu4N)2[Cu(dmso)2{Cu(dcopba)(dmso)}2] () [dnopba = 4,5-dinitro-ortho-phenylenebis(oxamate), dcopba = 4,5-dichloro-ortho-phenylenebis(oxamate), Bu4N(+) = tetra-n-butylammonium and dmso = dimethylsulfoxide], were synthesized and their structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structures of and consist of two outer bis(oxamato)(dmso)cuprate(ii) units which act as bidentate ligands toward a trans-bis(dmso)copper(ii) inner entity leading to centrosymmetric tricopper(ii) complexes with copper-copper separations across the oxamate bridges of 5.1916(3) () and 5.1776(3) Å (). The peripheral copper(ii) ions in and are five-coordinate in somewhat distorted square pyramidal environments with a dmso molecule filling the apical position whereas the inner copper(ii) ion is six-coordinate in an elongated octahedral environment with two dmso molecules in the axial sites. The investigation of their magnetic properties in the temperature range 2.0-300 K shows the occurrence of a strong intramolecular antiferromagnetic coupling between the copper(ii) ions through the oxamate bridges [J1 = -296(1) () and -334(1) cm(-1) (), the Hamiltonian being defined as H = -J1(SCu2·SCu1 + SCu2·SCu1')], which leads to a low-lying spin doublet at low temperatures. Density functional theory calculations (DFT) have been used to substantiate these magnetic couplings and also to analyse the influence exerted on these interactions by the type of substituent at the 4,5-positions from the phenylene ring of the bis(oxamate) ligand.
