Effect of Physical Exercise in Hemogasometric and Electrolytic Profiles of Young Mangalarga Marchador Horses Beginning Training for Gait Competitions.

This study aimed to analyze effect of physical exercise in hemogasometric and electrolytic profiles of young Mangalarga Marchador horses beginning training for gait competitions. Six Mangalarga Marchador gaited horses with 6 months of training were evaluated. The ages ranged from three and a half to five years and included four stallions and two mares, with mean (±S.D.) body weight of 435±30Kg. Venous blood samples were collected from the horses, rectal temperature and HR were measured before and immediately after the gait test, and blood samples were used for hemogasometric and laboratory analyses. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used in the statistical analysis, assigning statistical significance for values of (p ≤ .05). Physical effort significantly affected HR (p ≤ .027), temperature (T) (p ≤ .028), oxygen pressure (pO2) (p ≤ .027), oxygen saturation (sO2) (p ≤ .046), calcium (Ca2+) (p ≤ .046), and glucose levels (GLI) (p ≤ .028). The heart rate, temperature, and pO2, sO2, Ca2+, and glucose levels were affected by exercise. There was no considerable dehydration in these horses, making it clear that, at this level of effort, they did not enter a state of, indicating that the animals, even young horses, were well conditioned to the submaximal effort required in gaiting tests. The horses showed good adaptation to exercise and did not enter a state of fatigue with the effort made, indicating that the animals in this study received adequate training and could perform the type of exercise proposed, characterized by a submaximal effort.

Emerging Roles of Micrornas in Veterinary Cardiology.

Over the last years, the importance of microRNAs (miRNAs) has increasingly been recognised. Each miRNA is a short sequence of non-coding RNA that influences countless genes' expression and, thereby, contributes to several physiological pathways and diseases. It has been demonstrated that miRNAs participate in the development of many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review synopsises the most recent studies emphasising miRNA's influence in several CVDs affecting dogs and cats. It provides a concise outline of miRNA's biology and function, the diagnostic potential of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers, and their role in different CVDs. It also discusses known and future roles for miRNAs as potential clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets. So, this review gives a comprehensive outline of the most relevant miRNAs related to CVDs in Veterinary Medicine.

Natural Tolerance Development to Peach in a Child with Lipid Transfer Protein Allergy.

Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs), present in multiple plant foods and pollens, are the predominant allergen in peach allergy in the Mediterranean region and may induce life-threatening allergic reactions. Although reasonably studied in adults, LTP allergy has been rarely described in children, and to the best of the author's knowledge, natural tolerance development during childhood to this allergen has not been reported to date. The authors reported the case of a 21 month-old boy who presented urticaria and facial edema 15 minutes after eating a peach. Sensitization to peach LTP was confirmed by skin prick tests and specific IgE. At the age of 32 months, skin prick tests and specific IgE to peach LTP were negative, so a food challenge was performed. The child tolerated one medium-sized peach. Peach and peach-related fruits were reintroduced in the child's diet. The authors discuss the relevance of regular allergy workup and dietary recommendations in children with LTP allergy.

As proteínas de transferência de lípidos [lipid transfer proteins (LTP)] são proteínas presentes em alimentos vegetais e pólenes, e constituem os principais alergénios na alergia a pêssego na região mediterrânica, podendo induzir anafilaxia. A alergia a estas proteínas tem sido predominantemente reportada em adultos e casos de aquisição natural de tolerância não foram descritos. Os autores descrevem o caso de uma criança de 21 meses que apresentou urticaria e angioedema da face 15 minutos após a ingestão de um pêssego. A sensibilização a LTP foi confirmada por testes cutâneos por picada e IgE específica positivos para a LTP do pêssego. Onze meses depois, estes testes para a LTP do pêssego foram negativos, tendo sido realizada prova de provocação em que a criança tolerou um pêssego médio. A reintrodução na dieta de pêssego e frutos relacionados foi bem tolerada. Os autores discutem a necessidade da reavaliação regular e orientação da dieta de evicção nas crianças com alergia a LTPs.

Core-Needle Biopsy Efficacy in Histopathology Diagnosis of Canine Multicentric Lymphoma.

Core-needle biopsy (CNB) is now widely used to diagnose and classify human lymphoma. Few studies, however, have reported the use of CNB in veterinary medicine for dogs with suspected lymphoma. The present study evaluated the efficacy of CNB sample collection to diagnose canine multicentric lymphoma morphology. 16 dogs of varying breeds with generalized peripheral lymphadenopathy and cytopathologic features suggestive of lymphoma were enrolled in the study. CNB followed by lymphadenectomy of the left popliteal lymph node was performed. Both samples underwent histopathologic evaluation. Among the 16 dogs, 14 had lymphoma. CNB was positive for lymphoma in 12 (85.7%) of these 14 dogs. CNB analysis for diagnosing dogs with multicentric lymphoma exhibited a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 100%. CNB was effective in generalized lymphadenopathies toward achieving a differential diagnosis and microscopic evaluation of multicentric lymphoma in dogs, revealing essential features for morphologic classification, such as cell size, histopathologic type, and grade.

Optical imaging of cleavage stage bovine embryos using hyperspectral and confocal approaches reveals metabolic differences between on-time and fast-developing embryos.

The assessment of embryo quality aims to enhance subsequent pregnancy and live birth outcomes. Metabolic analysis of embryos has immense potential in this regard. As a step towards this goal, here we assess the metabolism of bovine embryos using label-free optical imaging. We compared embryos defined as either on-time or fast-developing, as fast dividing embryos are more likely to develop to the blastocyst stage. Specifically, bovine embryos at 48 (Day 2) and 96 (Day 4) hours post fertilization were fixed and separated based on morphological assessment: on-time (Day 2: 2 cell; Day 4: 5-7 cell) or fast-developing (Day 2: 3-7 cell; Day 4: 8-16 cell). Embryos with different developmental rates on Day 2 and Day 4 were correlated with metabolic activity and DNA damage. Confocal microscopy was used to assess metabolic activity by quantification of cellular autofluorescence specific for the endogenous fluorophores NAD(P)H and FAD with a subsequent calculation of the optical redox ratio. Separately, hyperspectral microscopy was employed to assess a broader range of endogenous fluorophores. DNA damage was determined using γH2AX immunohistochemistry. Hyperspectral imaging showed significantly lower abundance of endogenous fluorophores in fast-developing compared to on-time embryos on Day 2, indicating a lower metabolic activity. On Day 4 of development there was no difference in the abundance of FAD between on-time and fast-developing embryos. There was, however, significantly higher levels of NAD(P)H in fast-developing embryos leading to a significantly lower optical redox ratio when compared to on-time embryos. Collectively, these results demonstrate that fast-developing embryos present a 'quiet' metabolic pattern on Day 2 and Day 4 of development, compared to on-time embryos. There was no difference in the level of DNA damage between on-time and fast-developing embryos on either day of development. To our knowledge, this is the first collective use of confocal and hyperspectral imaging in cleavage-stage bovine embryos in the absence of fluorescent tags.

The SPOM-adapted IVM system improves in vitro production of bovine embryos.

This study aimed to test the effects of an IVM SPOM adaptation (SPOM-adapted IVM) on the production, total number of cells (TNC), apoptosis, and cryotolerance (post-warming survival and cytoskeleton actin integrity) of bovine IVP embryos. Two experiments were conducted with two experimental groups based on IVM treatment: A control group (TCM 199 without FCS) and an SPOM-adapted group (TCM 199 with forskolin and IBMX in pre-IVM and IVM with cilostamide). The first experiment evaluated embryo in vitro production, TNC, and apoptosis rate on D9 of development. In the second experiment, embryos were vitrified/warmed at D7 (control fresh and vitrified; SPOM-adapted fresh and vitrified) and assessed regarding post-warming survival rates and cytoskeleton actin integrity. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad INSTAT software at a significance level of 5%. An increase (p < 0.05) in blastocyst production was observed in the SPOM-adapted group comparing to the control group. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in the TNC or apoptosis rate between the groups. Regarding cryopreservation, no differences were found (p > 0.05) in actin integrity or post-warming survival rates between the vitrified groups. In both vitrified groups, we observed a significantly lower uninjured pattern of actin integrity compared to the fresh groups (p < 0.05). We conclude that the SPOM-adapted IVM system is beneficial for blastocyst production and does not affect the quality and cryotolerance of the produced embryos.

Physical characteristics of free-living sea turtles that had and had not ingested debris in Microregion of the Lakes, Brazil.

The ingestion of detritus by sea turtles results in high mortality and morbidity. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of free-living sea turtles that ingested anthropogenic inorganic detritus in comparison to those that did not. A total of 186 necropsy files were analyzed in marine turtles from the beaches of the Microregion dos Lagos, Rio de Janeiro. Among the turtles that ingested detritus, the mean turtle was female and cachectic, with a carapace length of 36,6 cm, detritus accumulated in the large intestine, and fecal compaction. It seems most likely that's low food transit, combined with the multiplicity of ingestion, favored the accumulation of detritus. This ingestion resulted in cachexia associated with fecal compaction, since the greatest accumulation was in the large intestine. The intake of detritus by turtles was not punctual but continuous. These studies demonstrated the vulnerability of these animals to environmental pollution.

Role of cAMP modulator supplementations during oocyte in vitro maturation in domestic animals.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important molecule in signal transduction within the cell, functioning as a second cell messenger of gonadotrophin stimulation. The concentration of cAMP in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) is known to be controlled through modulation of its synthesis by adenylyl cyclase (AC) and by degradation through the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes. One of the main obstacles for in vitro embryo production is the optimization of reproduction processes that occur in oocyte maturation. The function of cAMP is important in maintaining meiotic arrest in mammalian oocytes. When the oocyte is physically removed from the antral follicle for in vitro maturation (IVM), intra-oocyte cAMP concentrations decrease and spontaneous meiotic resumption begins, due to the depletion of inhibitory factors from the follicle. In many studies, relatively greater cAMP concentrations before IVM has been reported to improve oocyte competence, leading to subsequent benefits in embryonic development in different species. There, therefore, has been an increase in oocyte cAMP concentrations with several treatments and different approaches, such as invasive AC, stimulators of AC activity, PDE inhibitors, and cAMP analogs. The aim of this review is to comprehensively evaluate and provide data related to (i) the use of cAMP modulators during IVM and the effects on completion of meiosis and cytoplasmic reorganization, which are required for development of oocytes with the capacity to contribute to fertilization and subsequent embryonic development; and (ii) the main cAMP modulators and the effects when used in oocyte IVM.

Biópsias endometriais de éguas: avaliação imuno-histoquímica e definição de protocolo

A imuno-histoquímica é uma importante técnica de diagnóstico e na Medicina Veterinária ainda se faz necessário a realizaçãode testes para padronização dos anticorpos a serem utilizados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e descrever a imunomarcaçãode anticorpos anticomponentes celulares e da matriz extracelular humana, como o antivimentina, antidesmina, anti-PCNA,anti-CK20 e antialfa actina de músculo liso, após padronizações na técnica, em amostras de biópsia endometrial de égua.Duas amostras endometriais de vinte éguas foram coletadas. Uma delas foi fixada em formol tamponado a 10% e a outraem Bouin, para processamento e inclusão em parafina e coloração em HE, tricrômico de Gomori, reticulina e imunohistoquímicacom os anticorpos citados anteriormente. Ambos fixadores formol tamponado 10% e Bouin não alteraram aimunomarcação dos anticorpos estudados. Com relação à marcação destes, todos reagiram positivamente após as alteraçõesrealizadas no protocolo inicial da técnica, como no bloqueio da peroxidase endógena, recuperação antigênica e inibição dasligações inespecíficas com ajustes de tempo e temperatura. Os anticorpos antivimentina e antidesmina marcaram oendotélio dos vasos sanguíneos; o PCNA, o núcleo das células do epitélio em proliferação; o antialfa actina de músculo liso,o contorno dos ductos glandulares endometriais sugerindo miofibroblastos e o CK-20 evidenciou a quer

Histomorphometry of epithelial structures of the mares endometrium

The aim of this study was to analyze through histomorphometry, epithelial structures of the mares endometrium classifiedaccording to Kenney and Doig (1986). Histomorphometric analysis of the luminal and glandular epithelial cell heights, glandularlumen diameter, glandular density, percentage of glands with apparent lumen and with intraluminal secretion, and a descriptiveanalysis of the endometrium was made in 65 endometrial biopsies. Samples were collected during estrus (n=30) and diestrus(n=35), fixed in Bouins solution, embedded in paraffin HxE and classified according to Kenney and Doig (1986) categories.Groups of IIa category obtained the greatest medium cell heights for luminal and glandular epithelium, and groups of III categoryobtained the smallest values, during estrus and diestrus. The medium heights of luminal epithelium, glandular epithelium andglandular lumen diameter of samples collected during estrus were greater than those collected during diestrus. The glanddensity was greater during diestrus than estrus. This work showed that histomorphometry could improve the consistency inbiopsy evaluation by furnishing objective data.