ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular complications are among the main reasons for the high morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes, making the management of cardiovascular complications an integral component in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Along the same line, the US Food and Drug Administration mandated all new diabetic drugs and therapies have a safe cardiovascular profile. Among various drugs available for the treatment against type 2 diabetes, the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors represent a class of newly developed anti-diabetic agents with properties of mitigating cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Evidence from clinical trials has suggested that the SGLT2 inhibitors empagliflozin and canagliflozin are capable of reducing the overall risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. In this mini-review, we will briefly discuss the various cardiovascular benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors, and the underlying mechanisms involved.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology , Benzhydryl Compounds/administration & dosage , Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology , Canagliflozin/administration & dosage , Canagliflozin/pharmacology , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/mortality , Diabetic Angiopathies/prevention & control , Glucosides/administration & dosage , Glucosides/pharmacology , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/adverse effectsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cardiac tumors rare cardiac disorders with an overall incidence rate < 0.33%. Cardiac tumors can be classified as primary or secondary depending on the origins of tumors. Primary cardiac tumors (5% incidence) are rare compared with the secondary (95%, metastases of the heart) cardiac tumors. OBJECTIVE: Given that cardiac tumors exhibit some nonspecific symptoms compared with other heart diseases, clinical diagnosis of cardiac tumors is rather challenging. Thus we will try to review the classification and pathogenesis of cardiac tumors. CONCLUSION: Current evidence revealed that 75% of cardiac tumors are considered benign (myxoma, fibromas, lipomas, rhabdomyomas, hemangiomas, teratomas, papillary fibroelastomas, pericardial cysts or cystic tumor of atrioventricular node). Clinical differential diagnosis of cardiac tumors is mainly based on imaging techniques including transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms, computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs). This mini-review tries to summarize recent understanding of the pathogenesis and therapeutics of cardiac tumors.
