ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The study investigated the association of TNFR1 gene polymorphism with early recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (ERSM) in Chinese women, and soluble TNFR1 (sTNFR1) expression in ERSM women. STUDY DESIGN: Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located at -383 (AGA to AGC) in the promoter region and +36 (CCA to CCG) in exon 1 of TNFR1 were investigated in 188 non-pregnant ERSM Chinese women. The serum sTNFR1 was measured by the ELISA method. RESULTS: Both SNPs were not associated with ERSM. The non-pregnant ERSM women had significantly higher levels of serum sTNFR1, compared with the non-pregnant, normal women (1.84+/-0.54 ng/ml versus 1.62+/-0.38 ng/ml; t=-2.053; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The data do not provide evidence that TNFR1 gene polymorphism is etiologically important for ERSM in Chinese women. But, a significantly raised sTNFR1 level in non-pregnant ERSM women was recorded compared to women with normal pregnancies. The result suggests that pregnancy failure is associated with an increase of sTNFR1.
Subject(s)
Abortion, Habitual/genetics , Abortion, Habitual/metabolism , Abortion, Spontaneous/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism , Abortion, Spontaneous/metabolism , Adult , Alleles , China , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/bloodABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status and relative factors of trichomonal vaginitis among married childbearing age women in rural impoverished area of the northwestern part of China and hence identify the risk factors and provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of trichomonal vaginitis. METHODS: Questionnaire investigation, gynecological and laboratory examination were carried out in 480 women who had been selected by multi-stage cluster sampling in rural impoverished area of Bao Ji in ShannXi province. A case-control study was conducted to analyze the relative factors of trichomonal vaginitis and other reproductive tract infection (RTI) complications. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of trichomonal vaginitis was 12.9%, and 64.5% of the cases were complicated with chronic cervicitis, 17.7% were complicated with adnexitis. Uni-variated and multi-variated logistic regression analyses revealed that lack of reproductive health knowledge, bath with polluted water, washing vulva or penis with polluted water before sexual intercourse, having intercourse during menstrual period, having past history of trichomonal vaginitis, as well as no-income woman's and husband's negative attitude towards wife's RTIs were risk factors of trichomonal vaginitis and complicating chronic cervicitis or adnexitis. And lack of reproductive health knowledge, bath with polluted water, washing penis with polluted water before sexual intercourse, past history of trichomonal vaginitis, husband's negative attitude to wife's RTIs were relative factors of trichomonal vaginitis and complicating chronic cervicitis or adnexitis revealed by the binary logistic regression analysis. The less score of reproductive health knowledge, the more risk of suffering from trichomonal vaginitis complicating chronic cervicitis. CONCLUSION: Compositive and successive prevention and treatment scheme should be used to control trichomonal vaginitis and other RTI complications in rural impoverished area of northwestern China. The scheme should be focused on four ways, including improving sanitation behaviors in couples, insisting on normative treatment, generalizing reproductive health knowledge and mobilizing husbands to pay attention.
