Extraction and In Vitro Skincare Effect Assessment of Polysaccharides Extract from the Roots of Abelmoschus manihot (L.).

Obtaining high-added value compounds from agricultural waste receives increasing attention, as it can both improve resource utilization efficiency and reduce waste generation. In this study, polysaccharides are extracted from the discarded roots of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) by the high-efficiency ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The optimized condition was determined as solid-liquid ratio SL ratio = 1:20, temperature T = 30 °C and time T = 40 min, achieving an extraction yield of 13.41%. Composition analysis revealed that glucose (Glc, 44.65%), rhamnose (Rha, 26.30%), galacturonic acid (GalA, 12.50%) and galactose (Gal, 9.86%) are the major monosaccharides of the extract. The extract showed a low degree of esterification (DE) value of 40.95%, and its Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum exhibited several characteristic peaks of polysaccharides. Inspired by the wide cosmetic applications of polysaccharides, the skincare effect of the extract was evaluated via the moisture retention, total phenolic content (TPC) quantification, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-free radical scavenging activity, anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase activity experiments. The extract solutions demonstrated a 48 h moisture retention rate of 10.75%, which is superior to that of commercially available moisturizer hyaluronic acid (HA). Moreover, both the TPC value of 16.16 mg GAE/g (dw) and DPPH-free radical scavenging activity of 89.20% at the concentration of 2 mg/mL indicated the strong anti-oxidant properties of the extract. Furthermore, the anti-hyaluronidase activity and moderate anti-elastase activity were determined as 72.16% and 42.02%, respectively. In general, in vitro skincare effect experiments suggest moisturizing, anti-oxidant, anti-radical and anti-aging activities of the A. manihot root extract, indicating its potential applications in the cosmetic industry.

Regulation of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation bacteria by available phosphorus and microbial communities in lake sediments of cold and arid regions.

As global anthropogenic nitrogen inputs continue to rise, nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (N-DAMO) plays an increasingly significant role in CH4 consumption in lake sediments. However, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the effects of anthropogenic activities on N-DAMO bacteria in lakes in the cold and arid regions. Sediment samples were collected from five sampling areas in Lake Ulansuhai at varying depth ranges (0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm). The ecological characterization and niche differentiation of N-DAMO bacteria were investigated using bioinformatics and molecular biology techniques. Quantitative PCR confirmed the presence of N-DAMO bacteria in Lake Ulansuhai sediments, with 16S rRNA gene abundances ranging from 1.72 × 104 to 5.75 × 105 copies·g-1 dry sediment. The highest abundance was observed at the farmland drainage outlet with high available phosphorus (AP). Anthropogenic disturbances led to a significant increase in the abundance of N-DAMO bacteria, though their diversity remained unaffected. The heterogeneous community of N-DAMO bacteria was affected by interactions among various environmental characteristics, with AP and oxidation-reduction potential identified as the key drivers in this study. The Mantel test indicated that the N-DAMO bacterial abundance was more readily influenced by the presence of the denitrification genes (nirS and nirK). Network analysis revealed that the community structure of N-DAMO bacteria generated numerous links (especially positive links) with microbial taxa involved in carbon and nitrogen cycles, such as methanogens and nitrifying bacteria. In summary, N-DAMO bacteria exhibited sensitivity to both environmental and microbial factors under various human disturbances. This study provides valuable insights into the distribution patterns of N-DAMO bacteria and their roles in nitrogen and carbon cycling within lake ecosystems.

Predictive role of impulsivity, anxiety, and depression in the efficacy of intermittent theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation modalities for treating methamphetamine use disorder: A randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) can cause impulsive behavior, anxiety, and depression. Stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in MUD patients by intermittent theta burst repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (iTBS-rTMS) is effective in reducing cravings, impulsive behavior, anxiety, and depression. The purpose of this study was to explore whether these psychological factors helped to predict MUD patients' responses to iTBS-rTMS treatment. METHODS: Fifty MUD patients and sixty healthy subjects matched for general conditions were used as study subjects. The study randomly divided MUD patients into iTBS-rTMS and sham stimulation groups and received 20 sessions of real or sham iTBS-rTMS treatment, and the study collected cue-related evoked craving data before and after treatment. All subjects completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). RESULTS: The MUD patients showed significantly higher levels of impulsivity, anxiety, and depression than the healthy subjects. The MUD patients who received the real treatment had significantly lower impulsivity, anxiety, and depression scores, and better treatment effects on cravings than the sham stimulation group. The Spearman rank correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the baseline BIS-11 and the reduction rate (RR) of BIS-11 and RR of SDS were positively correlated with the decrease in cravings in the iTBS-rTMS group. ROC curve analysis showed that RR of SDS (AUC = 91.6 %; 95 % CI = 0.804-1.000) had predictive power to iTBS- rTMS therapeutic efficacy, the cutoff value is 15.102 %. CONCLUSIONS: iTBS-rTMS had a good therapeutic effect in MUD patients and the baseline impulsivity, the improved depression and impulsivity were associated with therapeutic effect of iTBS-rTMS. The improved depression had the potential to predict the efficacy of the iTBS-rTMS modality for MUD treatment.

Digital droplet immunoassay based on a microfluidic chip with magnetic beads for the detection of prostate-specific antigen.

Sensitive biomarker detection techniques are beneficial for both disease diagnosis and postoperative examinations. In this study, we report an integrated microfluidic chip designed for the immunodetection of prostate-specific antigens (PSAs). The microfluidic chip is based on the three-dimensional structure of quartz capillaries. The outlet channel extends to 1.8 cm, effectively facilitating the generation of uniform droplets ranging in size from 3 to 50 µm. Furthermore, we successfully immobilized the captured antibodies onto the surface of magnetic beads using an activator, and we constructed an immunosandwich complex by employing biotinylated antibodies. A key feature of this microfluidic chip is its integration of microfluidic droplet technology advantages, such as high-throughput parallelism, enzymatic signal amplification, and small droplet size. This integration results in an exceptionally sensitive PSA detection capability, with the detection limit reduced to 7.00 ± 0.62 pg/mL.

Elucidation of interactions between myofibrillar proteins and κ-carrageenan as mediated by NaCl level: Perspectives on multiple spectroscopy and molecular docking.

The present study was aimed to investigate the intermolecular interaction between myofibrillar proteins (MP) and κ-carrageenan (KC) as mediated by KC concentration (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 %, w/w) and NaCl levels (0.3 and 0.6 M) based on the multiple spectroscopy and molecular docking. The results showed that the incorporation of KC increased the turbidity, zeta-potential, and surface hydrophobicity of MP-KC mixed sols with a dose-dependent manner, as well as significantly decreasing the protein solubility (P < 0.05), which indicated that the interaction between KC and MP promoted the expansion of protein structure and exposed more hydrophobic groups. Fluorescence spectra result revealed that the interaction between MP and KC was a static quenching in the fluorescence quenching process, which affected the aromatic amino acids residue microenvironment of MP. Moreover, the existence of KC decreased the α-helix contents of MP (P < 0.05), contributing to the transformation from random structure to organized configuration of MP. In addition, molecular forces, the molecular docking and thermodynamic parameters indicated that hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals force, and hydrogen bonding were considered as the main interaction forces between MP and KC. Furthermore, 0.6 M NaCl level rendered higher solubility and particle size, as well as lower turbidity and the surface hydrophobicity of MP-KC mixed sols than those with 0.3 M NaCl level (P < 0.05), which promoted the unfolding of MP molecule and subsequently increased the numbers of binding sites between MP and KC, facilitating the intermolecular interactions between MP and KC in mixed sols.

Minimizing Cross-Reactivity for the Chemiluminescent Lateral Flow Immunoassay of Cardiac Troponin I Based on PEGylation of Gold Nanoparticles.

Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) have been employed extensively for the rapid, accurate, and portable detection of protein biomarkers in healthcare. However, the cross-reactivity, especially in the multiplexed detection, leads to false-positive errors that would further limit their practical applications. In this work, we report a highly sensitive and accurate chemiluminescent LFIA based on the synthesis of the Au nanoparticle-antibody-horseradish peroxidase-polyethylene glycol conjugate for detecting cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a major biomarker of acute myocardial infarction. Due to the presence of polyethylene glycol, the accuracy of the LFIA was improved significantly from a clear false positive signal to the absence of a false positive signal. In addition, the device exhibited a highly sensitive detection of cTnI in the concentration range of 1-90 ng mL-1, and the detection limit can be as low as 10 pg mL-1. The method further enabled the multiplex detection of cTnI and myoglobin successfully. It is anticipated that this work may open new paradigms for the development of a variety of lateral flow devices with high sensitivity and accuracy and further lead to widespread practical applications in clinical diagnosis.

High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces drug craving and improves decision-making ability in methamphetamine use disorder.

Methamphetamine abuse is escalating worldwide. Its strong and irreversible neurotoxicity generally causes structural and functional changes in the brain. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a non-invasive tool can be used to modulate neuronal activity, cortical excitability, and dopaminergic neurotransmission. This study aims to explore the efficacy of high-frequency rTMS in reducing drug craving and increasing decision-making ability for methamphetamine use disorder patients. Sixty-four methamphetamine use disorder patients were randomized to sham rTMS group and 10-Hz rTMS group. Visual analog scale (VAS) and Iowa game test (IGT) were used to evaluate drug craving and cognitive decision-making ability before and after treatment. Before the treatment, the two groups had no differences in the scores of VAS and IGT. After the intervention, VAS scores of 10-Hz rTMS group were significantly lower than that of sham rTMS group. In addition, the two groups had significant differences in the net score of IGT on block 4 and block 5, which favoured the 10-Hz rTMS group. Taken together, the present results suggest that High-frequency rTMS can be used to reduce drug craving and improve decision-making function for methamphetamine use disorder.

Predictive Role of Executive Function in the Efficacy of Intermittent Theta Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Modalities for Treating Methamphetamine Use Disorder-A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has therapeutic effects on craving in methamphetamine (METH) use disorder (MUD). The chronic abuse of METH causes impairments in executive function, and improving executive function reduces relapse and improves treatment outcomes for drug use disorder. The purpose of this study was to determine whether executive function helped predict patients' responses to rTMS treatment. Methods: This study employed intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) rTMS modalities and observed their therapeutic effects on executive function and craving in MUD patients. MUD patients from an isolated Drug Rehabilitation Institute in China were chosen and randomly allocated to the iTBS group and sham-stimulation group. All participants underwent the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult Version Scale (BRIEF-A) and Visual Analog Scales (VAS) measurements. Sixty-five healthy adults matched to the general condition of MUD patients were also recruited as healthy controls. Findings: Patients with MUD had significantly worse executive function. iTBS groups had better treatment effects on the MUD group than the sham-stimulation group. Further Spearman rank correlation and stepwise multivariate regression analysis revealed that reduction rates of the total score of the BRIEF-A and subscale scores of the inhibition factor and working memory factor in the iTBS group positively correlated with improvements in craving. ROC curve analysis showed that working memory (AUC = 87.4%; 95% CI = 0.220, 0.631) and GEC (AUC = 0.761%; 95% CI = 0.209, 0.659) had predictive power to iTBS therapeutic efficacy. The cutoff values are 13.393 and 59.804, respectively. Conclusions: The iTBS rTMS had a better therapeutic effect on the executive function of patients with MUD, and the improved executive function had the potential to become a predictor for the efficacy of iTBS modality for MUD treatment. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: ChiCTR2100046954.

The Influence of Online Game Behaviors on the Emotional State and Executive Function of College Students in China.

Background and Objective: Since the classification of gaming disorder (GD) by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "mental disorder caused by addictive behaviors," there has been controversy regarding whether online game behaviors can lead to mental disorder. This study aims to clarify the correlation between the online game behaviors of college students and anxiety, depression, and executive function of college students in China, from a questionnaire-based investigation. Methods: Based on the whole class random sampling method, a questionnaire survey was conducted among college students in Northern Anhui, China from March 7 to March 27, 2020. The questionnaires included the Internet Game Addiction (IGA) Scale, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (Adult Version, BRIEF-A), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire Scale (PHQ-9). Results: A total of 850 participants completed the survey, including 353 males (41.53%) and 497 females (58.47%). The primary age group was 18-27 years (91.53%), and the educational background was a bachelor's degree (94.7%). The study found that the online behavior of 17.76% of college students was online game behavior. This study did not identify any students who met the criteria for IGA, and 3% met the criteria for indulgent behavior. A dual role of online games was identified; moderate online game activities can improve the emotional state and executive function of college students, while excessive online game behaviors that may not reach the degree of addiction can also harm emotional state and executive function. Conclusions: This study suggests that although IGA has been regarded as a mental disease, online game behavior should be treated differently. Online game activities should not be entirely denied, but mental disorders caused by excessive gaming activities deserve attention. In particular, the emotional state and executive function of students with excessive online game behaviors should be monitored and intervened in advance to avoid game behaviors turning into indulgent behaviors or addiction. As a cognitive control process, executive function may play a key role in regulating IGA and emotional state.

MicroRNA-181a Is Involved in Methamphetamine Addiction Through the ERAD Pathway.

The regulation of microRNA (miRNA) is closely related to methamphetamine (METH) addiction. Past studies have reported that miR-181a is associated with METH addiction, but the mechanism pathways remain elusive. On the basis of our past studies, which reported the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) mediated ubiquitin protein degradation of GABAAα1, which was involved in METH addiction. The present study, using qRT-PCR and bioinformatics analysis, further revealed that miR-181a may be indirectly responsible for the METH addiction and downregulation of GABAAα1 through the regulation of ERAD.

Ethnobotanical study on herbal market at the Dragon Boat Festival of Chuanqing people in China.

BACKGROUND: The Chuanqing people () are a linguistic group native to the Guizhou Province of China, with unique culture and rich knowledge of traditional medicinal plants. Herbal market at Dragon Boat Festival (DBF) plays an important role in the inheritance of traditional medicinal knowledge among the Chuanqing people. This study aims to record the profile of medicinal plants of the Chuanqing people, discuss the dilemmas faced by their inheritance, and propose some strategies for passing down information, which is critical for the inheritance and protection of the Chuanqing people's traditional medical knowledge. METHODS: Data were collected through key informants and semi-structured interviews and free listing. Collected voucher specimens were identified using by botanical taxonomy method and deposited in the herbarium. Data were analyzed through use-value (UV) and cultural importance index (CI) values. Medicinal plants were compared with the Information System of Chinese Rare and Endangered Plants of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Results were compared with the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (ChP), the Quality Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine and National Medicine in Guizhou Province (QSG), and traditional medicines of Southeast Asian countries. RESULTS: A total of 102 species from 53 families and 92 genera were recorded, with Orchidaceae and Asparagaceae (six species each), and Berberidaceae and Asteraceae (five species each) as the predominant families. The whole plant (36%) was the most common medicinal part. Decoction (44%) was the most common preparation method. Seventy-one investigated human ailments were grouped into 12 categories. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system (34 mentions) were most frequently mentioned in this study. Moreover, the most frequently used taxon was Hedera sinensis (Tobler ) Hand.-Mazz. (UV and CI = 0.29). The Chuanqing people's medicine was highly similar to ChP and QSG. In comparison with Southeast Asian countries' traditional medicines, except for the same preparation methods, the similarities in terms of medicinal ingredients, plants, and disease treatment were very low. CONCLUSIONS: The herbal market at the DBF is an important platform for exchanging knowledge about the Chuanqing people's traditional medicinal plants. The Chuanqing people's traditional medicine is facing many challenges to its inheritance and development. To solve these problems, this study highlights the traditional medicinal knowledge of the Chuanqing people, providing basic data for further research and protection of minority medicine.

Rapid detection of carbamate pesticide residues using microchip electrophoresis combining amperometric detection.

The long-term consumption of food with pesticide residues has harmful effects on human health and the demand for pesticide detection technology tends to be miniaturized and instant. To this end, we demonstrated the first application of indirectly detecting two carbamate pesticides, metolcarb and carbaryl, by gold nanoparticle-modified indium tin oxide electrode in dual-channel microchip electrophoresis and amperometric detection (ME-AD) system. m-Cresol and α-naphthol were obtained after pesticide hydrolysis in alkaline solution, and then separated and detected by ME-AD. Parameters including the detection potential and running buffer concentration and pH were optimized to improve the detection sensitivity and separation efficiency. Under the optimal conditions, the two analytes were completely separated within 80 s. m-Cresol and α-naphthol presented a wide linear range from 1 to 100 µM, with limits of detection of 0.16 µM and 0.34 µM, respectively (S/N = 3). Moreover, the reliability of this system was demonstrated by analyzing metolcarb and carbaryl in spiked vegetable samples.

Adsorption of Cadmium Ions from an Aqueous Solution on a Highly Stable Dopamine-Modified Magnetic Nano-Adsorbent.

Magnetic nanomaterials were functionalized with dopamine hydrochloride as the functional reagent to afford a core-shell-type Fe3O4 modified with polydopamine (Fe3O4@PDA) composite, which was used for the adsorption of cadmium ions from an aqueous solution. In addition, the effects of environmental factors on the adsorption capacity were investigated. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamics of the adsorbents were discussed. Results revealed that the adsorption of cadmium by Fe3O4@PDA reaches equilibrium within 120 min, and kinetic fitting data are consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 > 0.999). The adsorption isotherm of Cd2+ on Fe3O4@PDA was in agreement with the Freundlich model, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 21.58 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that adsorption is inherently endothermic and spontaneous. Results obtained from the adsorption-desorption cycles revealed that Fe3O4@PDA exhibits ultra-high adsorption stability and reusability. Furthermore, the adsorbents were easily separated from water under an enhanced external magnetic field after adsorption due to the introduction of an iron-based core. Hence, this study demonstrates a promising magnetic nano-adsorbent for the effective removal of cadmium from cadmium-containing wastewater.