Generation of two induced pluripotent stem cell lines from patients with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome carrying TP53 mutation.

Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited genetic disorder that greatly increases the risk of developing several types of cancer, including young children and young adults. LFS is primarily caused by specific mutations in the tumor suppressor gene TP53. In this study, we successfully generated two human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines derived from patients diagnosed with LFS, each carrying a distinct heterozygous mutation in the TP53 gene. These LFS patient-derived iPSC lines exhibited robust expression of key pluripotency markers, demonstrated the capacity to differentiate into all three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm), and maintained a normal karyotype. The establishment of these iPSC lines provides a valuable tool for modeling LFS in vitro, enabling researchers to investigate the underlying pathological mechanisms associated with the disease across various cell types and tissues.

Air Quality, Health, and Equity Benefits of Carbon Neutrality and Clean Air Pathways in China.

In the pursuit of carbon neutrality, China's 2060 targets have been largely anchored in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with less emphasis on the consequential benefits for air quality and public health. This study pivots to this critical nexus, exploring how China's carbon neutrality aligns with the World Health Organization's air quality guidelines (WHO AQG) regarding fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure. Coupling a technology-rich integrated assessment model, an emission-concentration response surface model, and exposure and health assessment, we find that decarbonization reduces sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and PM2.5 emissions by more than 90%; reduces nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) by more than 50%; and simultaneously reduces the disparities across regions. Critically, our analysis reveals that further targeted reductions in air pollutants, notably NH3 and non-energy-related NMVOCs, could bring most Chinese cities into attainment of WHO AQG for PM2.5 5 to 10 years earlier than the pathway focused solely on carbon neutrality. Thus, the integration of air pollution control measures into carbon neutrality strategies will present a significant opportunity for China to attain health and environmental equality.

An Outlook on Platinum-Based Active Ingredients for Dermatologic and Skincare Applications.

Platinum-based materials exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and pro-collagen synthesis properties, making them particularly useful for various biomedical applications. This review summarizes the biological effects and therapeutic potential of platinum-based active ingredients in dermatological and skincare applications. We discuss their synthesis methods and their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and collagen synthesis properties, which play essential roles in treating skin conditions including psoriasis and acne, as well as enhancing skin aesthetics in anti-aging products. Safety and sustainability concerns, including the need for green synthesis and comprehensive toxicological assessments to ensure safe topical applications, are also discussed. By providing an up-to-date overview of current research, we aim to highlight both the potential and the current challenges of platinum-based active ingredients in advancing dermatology and skincare solutions.

WNT2B high­expressed fibroblasts induce the fibrosis of IBD by promoting NK cells secreting IL-33.

Fibrosis is an important pathological change in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the mechanism has yet to be elucidated. WNT2B high­expressed fibroblasts are enriched in IBD intestinal tissues, although the precise function of this group of fibroblasts remains unclear. This study investigated whether WNT2B high­expressed fibroblasts aggravated intestinal tissue damage and fibrosis. Our study provides evidence that WNT2B high­expressed fibroblasts and NK cells were enriched in colitis tissue of patients with IBD. WNT2B high­expressed fibroblasts secreted wnt2b, which bound to FZD4 on NK cells and activated the NF-κB and STAT3 pathways to enhance IL-33 expression. TCF4, a downstream component of the WNT/ß-catenin pathway, bound to p65 and promoted binding to IL-33 promoter. Furthermore, Salinomycin, an inhibitor of the WNT/ß-catenin pathway, inhibited IL-33 secretion in colitis, thereby reducing intestinal inflammation.Knocking down WNT2B reduces NK cell infiltration and IL-33 secretion in colitis, and reduce intestinal inflammation and fibrosis. In conclusion, WNT2B high­expressed fibroblasts activate NK cells by secreting wnt2b, which activates the WNT/ß-catenin and NF-κB pathways to promote IL-33 expression and secretion, potentially culminating in the induction of colonic fibrosis in IBD. KEY MESSAGES: WNT2B high-expressed fibroblasts and NK cells are enriched in colitis tissue, promoting NK cells secreting IL-33. Wnt2b activates NF-κB and STAT3 pathways promotes IL-33 expression by activating p65 and not STAT3. syndrome TCF4 binds to p65 and upregulates the NF- κB pathway. Salinomycin reduces NK cell infiltration and IL-33 secretion in colitis. Knocking down WNT2B mitigates inflammation and fibrosis in chronic colitis.

Food-derived skin-care ingredient as a promising strategy for skin aging: Current knowledge and future perspectives.

Skin aging involves complex biochemical reactions and has attracted a growing concern recently. For it, there is a great desire to replace the hazardous and easy-recurring "therapy means" with "daily care" based on some natural and healthy ingredients. According to a novel theory called "homology of cosmetic and food", the safety, efficacy and accessibility of food-derived skin-care ingredients offer an attractive option for combating skin aging, which will be an inevitable trend of dermatology in the future. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major trigger of skin aging. It acts on the skin and generates reactive oxygen species, which causing oxidative stress. More, matrix metalloproteinase and melanin levels are also upregulated by the UV-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and tyrosinase, respectively, resulting in collagen degradation and melanin deposition in the extracellular matrix. Through the existing studies, the relevant key biomarkers and biochemical pathways can be effectively controlled by skin-care ingredients from animal-derived and plant-derived foods as well as traditional herbs, thus preserving human skin from UV-induced aging in terms of antioxidant, collagen protection and melanin inhibition. To extend their application potential, some carriers represented by nanoliposomes can facilitate the transdermal absorption of food-derived skin-care ingredients by the variation of molecular weight and lipid solubility. The present review will provide an overview of the trigger mechanisms of skin aging, and focus on the molecular biology aspects of food-derived skin-care ingredients in skin matrix and the critical summarize of their research state.

Multidimensional Analgesia of Acupuncture by Increasing Expression of MD2 in Central Nervous System.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes of myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) in inflammation-induced pain and acupuncture-mediated analgesia. METHODS: Mice were randomly divided into three groups by a random number table method: saline group (n=16), complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) group (n=24) and CFA+electroacupuncture (EA) group (n=26). Inflammation-induced pain was modelled by injecting CFA to the plantar surface of the hind paw of mice and EA was applied to bilateral Zusanli (ST 36) to alleviate pain. Only mice in the CFA+EA group received EA treatment (30 min/d for 2 weeks) 24 h after modelling. Mice in the saline and CFA groups received sham EA. von-Frey test and Hargreaves test were used to assess the pain threshold. Brain and spinal tissues were collected for immunofluorescence staining or Western blotting to quantify changes of MD2 expression. RESULTS: CFA successfully induced plantar pain and EA significantly alleviated pain 3 days after modelling (P<0.01). Compared with the CFA group, the number of MD2+/c-fos+ neurons was significantly increased in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord 7 and 14 days after EA, especially in laminae I - IIo (P<0.01). The proportion of double positive cells to the number of c-fos positive cells and the mean fluorescence intensity of MD2 neurons were also significantly increased in laminae I - IIo (P<0.01). Western blotting showed that the level of MD2 was significantly decreased by EA only in the hippocampus on day 7 and 14 (both P<0.01) and no significant changes were observed in the cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, or the brainstem (P<0.05). Fluorescence staining showed significant decrease in the level of MD2 in periagueductal gray (PAG) and locus coeruleus (LC) after CFA injection on day 7 (P<0.01 for PAG, P<0.05 for LC) and EA significantly reversed this decrease (P<0.01 for PAG, P<0.05 for LC). CONCLUSION: The unique changes of MD2 suggest that EA may exert the analgesic effect through modulating neuronal activities of the superficial laminae of the spinal cord and certain regions of the brain.

Target Identification and Mechanistic Characterization of Indole Terpenoid Mimics: Proper Spindle Microtubule Assembly Is Essential for Cdh1-Mediated Proteolysis of CENP-A.

Centromere protein A (CENP-A), a centromere-specific histone H3 variant, is crucial for kinetochore positioning and chromosome segregation. However, its regulatory mechanism in human cells remains incompletely understood. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of the cell-cycle-arresting indole terpenoid mimic JP18 leads to the discovery of two more potent analogs, (+)-6-Br-JP18 and (+)-6-Cl-JP18. Tubulin is identified as a potential cellular target of these halogenated analogs by using the drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) based method. X-ray crystallography analysis reveals that both molecules bind to the colchicine-binding site of ß-tubulin. Treatment of human cells with microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs), including these two compounds, results in CENP-A accumulation by destabilizing Cdh1, a co-activator of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) E3 ubiquitin ligase. This study establishes a link between microtubule dynamics and CENP-A accumulation using small-molecule tools and highlights the role of Cdh1 in CENP-A proteolysis.

DNA methylation modification in Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible interstitial lung disease with a prognosis worse than lung cancer. It is a fatal lung disease with largely unknown etiology and pathogenesis, and no effective therapeutic drugs render its treatment largely unsuccessful. With continuous in-depth research efforts, the epigenetic mechanisms in IPF pathogenesis have been further discovered and concerned. As a widely studied mechanism of epigenetic modification, DNA methylation is primarily facilitated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), resulting in the addition of a methyl group to the fifth carbon position of the cytosine base, leading to the formation of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Dysregulation of DNA methylation is intricately associated with the advancement of respiratory disorders. Recently, the role of DNA methylation in IPF pathogenesis has also received considerable attention. DNA methylation patterns include methylation modification and demethylation modification and regulate a range of essential biological functions through gene expression regulation. The Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) family of DNA dioxygenases is crucial in facilitating active DNA demethylation through the enzymatic conversion of the modified genomic base 5-mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC). TET2, a member of TET proteins, is involved in lung inflammation, and its protein expression is downregulated in the lungs and alveolar epithelial type II cells of IPF patients. This review summarizes the current knowledge of pathologic features and DNA methylation mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis, focusing on the critical roles of abnormal DNA methylation patterns, DNMTs, and TET proteins in impacting IPF pathogenesis. Researching DNA methylation will enchance comprehension of the fundamental mechanisms involved in IPF pathology and provide novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for pulmonary fibrosis based on the studies involving epigenetic mechanisms.

Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell lines from patients with LQT1 caused by heterozygous mutations in the KCNQ1 gene.

Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is a genetic heart disorder that can induce cardiac arrhythmias. The most prevalent subtype, LQT1, stems from rare variants in the KCNQ1 gene. Utilizing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) enables detailed cellular studies and personalized medicine approaches for this life-threatening condition. We generated two LQT1 iPSC lines with single nucleotide nonsense mutations, c.1031 C > T and c.1121 T > A in KCNQ1. Both lines exhibited typical iPSC morphology, expressed high levels of pluripotent markers, maintained normal karyotype, and possessed the capability to differentiate into three germ layers. These cell lines serve as important tools for investigating the biological mechanisms underlying LQT1 due to mutations in the KCNQ1 gene.

Taraxerone exerts antipulmonary fibrosis effect through Smad signaling pathway and antioxidant stress response in a Sirtuin1-dependent manner.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treatments are limited, often with severe side effects, highlighting the need for novel options. Taraxerone has diverse biomedical properties, but its mechanism remains unclear. This study investigates taraxerone's impact and the mechanisms involved in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. After establishing a pulmonary fibrosis mouse model, taraxerone was intraperitoneally injected continuously for 14-28 days. The in vivo antifibrotic and antioxidative stress effects of taraxerone were assessed. In vitro, the influence of taraxerone on transforming growth factor-ß1-induced myofibroblast transformation and oxidative stress was investigated. Subsequently, quantitative polymerase chain reaction screened the histone deacetylase and Sirtuin family, and taraxerone's effects on SIRT1 were assessed. After SIRT1 siRNA treatment, changes in myofibroblast transformation and antioxidant capacity in response to taraxerone were observed. Acetylation and phosphorylation levels of Smad3 were evaluated. We also examined the binding levels of SIRT1 with Pho-Smad3 and Smad3, as well as the nuclear localization of Smad2/3. EX527 confirmed SIRT1's in vivo action in response to taraxerone. In vitro experiments suggested that taraxerone inhibited myofibroblast differentiation by activating SIRT1 and reducing oxidative stress. We also observed a new interaction between SIRT1 and the Smad complex. Taraxerone activates SIRT1, enabling it to bind directly to Smad3. This leads to reduced Smad complex phosphorylation and limited nuclear translocation. As a result, the transcription of fibrotic factors is reduced. In vivo validation confirms taraxerone's SIRT1-mediated antifibrotic effectiveness. This suggests that targeting SIRT1-mediated inhibition of myofibroblast differentiation could be a key strategy in taraxerone-based therapy for pulmonary fibrosis.

Effect of M2-macrophage treated lymphatic endothelial cells on angiogenesis that promoted osteointegration.

Early vascularization plays an essential role during the whole process in bone regeneration because of the function of secreting cytokines, transporting nutrients and metabolic wastes. As the preliminary basis of bone repair, angiogenesis is regulated by immune cells represented by macrophages to a great extent. However, with the discovery of the endolymphatic circulation system inside bone tissue, the role of vascularization became complicated and confusing. Herein, we developed a macrophage/lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs)/human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) co-culture system to evaluate the effect of macrophage treated lymphatic endothelial cells on angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we collected the medium from macrophage (CM) for LECs culture. We found that CM2 could promote the expression of LECs markers and migration ability, which indicated the enhanced lymphogenesis. In addition, the medium from LECs was collected for culturing HUVECs. The CM2-treated LECs showed superior angiogenesis property including the migration capacity and expression of angiogenetic markers, which suggested the superior vascularization. Rat femoral condyle defect model was applied to confirm the hypothesis in vivo. Generally, M2-macrophage treated LECs showed prominent angiogenetic potential coupling with osteogenesis.

A chromosome-level genome assembly of the spider mite Tetranychus piercei McGregor.

Despite the rapid advances in sequencing technology, limited genomic resources are currently available for phytophagous spider mites, which include many important agricultural pests. One of these pests is Tetranychus piercei (McGregor), a serious banana pest in East Asia exhibiting remarkable tolerance to high temperature. In this study, we assembled a high-quality genome of T. piercei using a combination of PacBio long reads and Illumina short reads sequencing. With the assistance of chromatin conformation capture technology, 99.9% of the contigs were anchored into three pseudochromosomes with a total size of 86.02 Mb. Repetitive elements, accounting for 14.16% of this genome (12.20 Mb), are predominantly composed of long-terminal repeats (30.7%). By combining evidence of ab initio prediction, transcripts, and homologous proteins, we annotated 11,881 protein-coding genes. Both the genome and proteins have high BUSCO completeness scores (>94%). This high-quality genome, along with reliable annotation, provides a valuable resource for investigating the high-temperature tolerance of this species and exploring the genomic basis that underlies the host range evolution of spider mites.

Mitochondrial dynamics dysfunction: Unraveling the hidden link to depression.

Depression is a common mental disorder and its pathogenesis is not fully understood. However, more and more evidence shows that mitochondrial dynamics dysfunction may play an important role in the occurrence and development of depression. Mitochondria are the centre of energy production in cells, and are also involved in important processes such as apoptosis and oxidative stress. Studies have found that there are abnormalities in mitochondrial function in patients with depression, including mitochondrial morphological changes, mitochondrial dynamics disorders, mitochondrial DNA damage, and impaired mitochondrial respiratory chain function. These abnormalities may cause excessive free radicals and oxidative stress in mitochondria, which further damage cells and affect the balance of neurotransmitters, causing or aggravating depressive symptoms. Studies have shown that mitochondrial dynamics dysfunction may participate in the occurrence and development of depression by affecting neuroplasticity, inflammation and neurotransmitters. This article reviews the effects of mitochondrial dynamics dysfunction on the pathogenesis of depression and its potential molecular pathway. The restorers for the treatment of depression by regulating the function of mitochondrial dynamics were summarized and the possibility of using mitochondrial dynamics as a biomarker of depression was discussed.

Rbpj deletion in hepatic progenitor cells attenuates endothelial responses in a mouse model of cholestatic liver disease.

Background and Aims: Since the role of hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) constituting ductular reactions in pathogenesis remains ambiguous, we aimed to establish the in vivo cause-and-effect relationship between HPCs and angiogenesis, a process associated with chronic liver disease progression. We previously demonstrated that peritumoral ductules are associated with angiogenesis in liver tumors and forkhead box L1 (Foxl1)- expressing murine HPCs secrete angiogenic factors in vitro. Therefore, we hypothesized that HPCs are capable of remodeling the vascular microenvironment and this function of HPCs is dependent on recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region (RBPJ), a key effector of the Notch signaling pathway. Approach and Results: We generated HPC-specific Rbpj conditional knockout mice using Foxl1-Cre and treated them with the 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine-supplemented diet to induce cholestatic liver disease. Knockout mice displayed significant reduction of HPC proliferation and ductular reactions as well as attenuated vascular and fibrotic areas compared to control mice. Assessment of vascular endothelial growth factor A-positive areas in vivo and the effects of Rbpj shRNAs in vitro indicated that Rbpj knockout in HPCs reduces the total number of angiogenic factor-expressing cells rather than affecting angiogenic factor expression within HPCs. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing analysis indicated that conditional Rbpj knockout in HPCs induces transcriptional changes in endothelial cells and alters expression of genes involved in various functions of the endothelium. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that HPCs regulate endothelial responses to cholestatic liver disease and Rbpj deletion in HPCs attenuates these responses, identifying novel targets for modulating angiogenesis during disease progression.

Age Is a Risk Factor for Gastroscopy-Assisted Capsule Endoscopy in Children.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to explore the risk factors for the incidence of gastroscopy-assisted capsule endoscopy and the small bowel transit time in pediatric patients who underwent capsule endoscopy examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed to analyze the clinical data collected from pediatric patients who underwent capsule endoscopy examination. RESULTS: A total of 239 pediatric patients were enrolled in this study. About 196 (82.0%) patients completed the entire small bowel capsule endoscopy examination, while 3 (1.3%) patients were subjected to capsule retention. Only age, not gender, height, body weight, body mass index, chief complaint, and intestinal preparation medications, has been identified as a risk factor for the incidence of gastroscopy-assisted capsule endoscopy (P < .05) by multivariate logistic regression. Further analysis showed that the small bowel transit time in the self-swallowed group was shorter than that in the gastroscopy-assisted group, while no significant difference was obtained in other factors, including intestinal preparation medications, metoclopramide, and lesions in the small intestine, which did not significantly affect small bowel transit time compared with the corresponding control group (P > .05). CONCLUSION: A comprehensive assessment is required before performing capsule endoscopy, because age has been identified as a critical risk factor for the incidence of gastroscopy-assisted capsule endoscopy in pediatric patients.

Capsicum Endophytic Bacterial Strain LY7 and Prochloraz Synergistically Control Chilli Anthracnose.

Chilli anthracnose is a major infectious disease of the genus Capsicum. Chemical control is the primary means of controlling this disease; however, the excessive use of chemical pesticides can adversely affect ecological security and human health. Here, our aim was to explore the synergistic effects of chemical and biological pesticides in the control of chilli anthracnose. The bacterial strain LY7, which is antagonistic to the anthracnose-causing fungus Colletotrichum scovillei, inhibited the growth of C. scovillei by 83.52%. Through morphological and genetic analyses, this strain was identified as Bacillus velezensis. Then, the compatibility of LY7 with three common chemical fungicides was determined. The in vitro protective and therapeutic efficacies of the 1 × 109 CFU/mL (colony-forming unit/mL) bacterial solution were 66.38% and 35.18%, respectively, but both were significantly lower than those of prochloraz, the most compatible fungicide. We then conducted field efficacy trials to elucidate the best combination of prochloraz and LY7; the highest control efficiency was achieved with a suspension of 1.0 × 108 CFU/mL of LY7 mixed with 0.75 g/L prochloraz (3:7 ratio). Electron microscopy revealed the inhibitory effects of LY7 and prochloraz on C. scovillei mycelial growth. These results suggest that an LY7-based biofungicide can partially replace prochloraz, serving as an integrated management strategy to control chilli anthracnose.

A research report on the phase-domain trajectories of fault recording and their mathematical models.

In currently known theories and algorithms of fault recording analysis and application, there is little literature where fault feature parameters are mined deeply from electrical physical quantities themselves. In this report the calculation method of the phase angles of the reference point and sample points is obtained, which ensures the correspondence of the time-domain waveform of digital fault recording with its phase-domain trajectory. The relationship between the initial phase angle of a sinusoid and the position of its trajectory, the characteristics of the trajectories of three-phase short-circuit currents containing dc components and the mathematical models of these trajectories are analyzed. Taking a rectangular wave current and a triangle wave current as example, the characteristics of the trajectories of non-sinusoidal and periodical waveforms containing harmonics are analyzed as well as their mathematical models. The research results show that the relationship between the initial phase angle of a sinusoid and the position of its circular trajectory is definite; the dc components have no impact on the positions of the trajectories of the short-circuit currents, but on their sizes and shapes; the harmonics have an impact on the shapes of the trajectories, and their positions are decided by the initial phase angles of the ac fundamental components in the waveforms. Subsequent study of the algorithm of fault recording analysis will be spread based on the contents in this report.

Submarine groundwater discharge and ocean acidification: Implications from China's coastal waters.

Ocean acidification (OA) is a global environmental concern, and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a potentially process that enhances OA. This review summarizes the relationship between two types of constituents carried by SGD into China's seawater and OA. 1) Current research predominantly concentrates on constituent fluxes from SGD, neglecting its ecological impacts on carbon and nutrients budgets, as well as the mechanisms between carbon and nutrients. 2) Uncertainties persist in SGD research methods and acidification characterization. 3) There's a need to enhance quantitative research methods of SGD-OA, particularly in areas with intricate biogeochemical processes. Effective identification methods are crucial to quantify SGD's contribution to OA. Investigating core scientific questions, including SGD's impact on OA rates and scales, is paramount. While the primary focus is on SGD-OA research in China, insights gained from novel perspectives could have broader value for coastal management globally.