Bebidas energéticas y estudiantes universitarios en España. Usos, efectos y asociaciones / Energy drinks and university students in Spain. Uses, effects and associations

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las bebidas energéticas (BE) son bebidas carbonatadas creadas y comercializadas con la intención de incrementar el rendimiento físico y mental. Sus ingredientes principales son la glucosa, cafeína, taurina, glucoronolactona y vitaminas del grupo B. OBJETIVOS: Conocer la frecuencia de consumo de BE en estudiantes universitarios, la finalidad, así como los factores asociados a su uso, su relación con el consumo de otras sustancias y los efectos experimentados. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de corte transversal realizado a través de una encuesta online por medio de la plataforma "Formularios" de Google DocsR, lanzada entre marzo y agosto de 2014 dirigido a estudiantes universitarios de toda España. Los resultados se analizaron mediante el paquete estadístico SPSSR. RESULTADOS: De los 633 encuestados 221 fueron hombres (34.9 %) y 412 mujeres (65.1 %).384 (61 %) han probado las BE. El consumo es mayor en hombres ,70 %, frente a un 55% en mujeres. Dentro de sus efectos reportados están: el incremento rendimiento académico (23.7 %) taquicardia (34.9 %), el insomnio (33.6 %) y nerviosismo (45.1 %). Hemos encontrado asociación entre su consumo con: psicofármacos; de drogas en general; alcohol; tabaco y marihuana (OR=1.43; 1.28; 1.5; 1.25; 1.28, respectivamente). En época de exámenes observamos una asociación entre consumo de BE y el cambio de dieta (OR= 1.65). Finalmente, existe una asociación positiva ente la toma de BE con intención de mejorar el rendimiento académico y la sensación de obtenerlo (OR=2.72). CONCLUSIONES: Existe un alto consumo de BE entre los estudiantes universitarios, predominante en varones, asociado a la época de exámenes y su consumo junto a bebidas alcohólicas. Se encuentra una asociación con la toma separada de alcohol, tabaco, marihuana y psicofármacos. Es por ello que se cree conveniente llevar a cabo estudios que aborden posibles asociaciones de su consumo con alteraciones en la dieta

INTRODUCTION: Energy drinks are carbonated drinks which purpose is to increase physical and mental performance. Its main ingredients are glucose, caffeine, taurine, glucoronolactone and vitamine B. MAIN OBJECTIVE: We aim to asses the frequency of the use of energy drinks and its purpose, among a population of university students. We aim also to correlate it with the use of other substances and their effects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross- sectional study designed throug an on line questionnaire launched in the Google DocsR platform, and answered by spanish university students between march and august of 2014. Statistical analysis was performed with statistical software SPSSR. RESULTS: Out of 633 participants 221 were male (34,9%) and 412 female (65,1%).384 (61%) had tried energetic drinks. Its use is higher in male (70%) than in female (55%). Between its effects we found the increase in academic performance (23,7%), tachycardia (34,9%), insomnia (33,6%), and anxiety (45,1%). We found an association between the intake of energy drinks and the use of psychoactive drugs, abuse drugs, alcohol, tobacco and marijuana (OR=1.43; 1.28; 1.5; 1.25; 1.28). During exams period we found an association between intake of energy drinks and change in feeding habits (OR= 1.65). Finally, there is an association between the intake of energy drinks with the purpose of increasing academic performance and the feeling of having achieved it (OR=2.72). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of energy drinks intake between university students, specially in male, associated to exams period and in combination with alcoholic drinks. There is an association with the use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and psychoactive drugs. We suggest it woud be convenient to design tryals to find out the association between its use and change in diet habits

Association between [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and prognostic parameters in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study analysed the correlation between [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake assessed by positron emission tomography (PET) in breast tumours, and histopathological and inmunohistochemical prognostic factors. METHODS: FDG-PET was performed before surgery in 275 women with primary breast cancer. The standarized uptake value (SUV) was compared with histopathological findings after surgery. RESULTS: A positive relationship was found between the SUV and tumour size (r = 0.46, P < 0.001), axillary lymph node status (P < 0.001), histological type (P < 0.001), histological grade (P < 0.001), oestrogen receptor status (P < 0.001), p53 (P < 0.001) and Ki-67 (P < 0.001) expression. Multivariable linear regression showed that tumour size, histological grade, Ki-67 expression, oestrogen receptor status and histological type were significantly related to the SUV. CONCLUSION: The SUV is a preoperative and non-invasive metabolic factor that relates to some prognostic factors in breast cancer.

Risk factors related to operative morbidity in patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to analyze postoperative morbidity and mortality of patients operated on for gastric cancer in a single institution during the last twenty years, and to define risk factors for complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out on 434 patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer between January 1983 and December 2002. Analysis of main medical and surgical complications and analysis of morbidity risk factors. RESULTS: Overall morbidity and mortality rates were 38.4% and 2.7% respectively. The most frequent complications were pneumonia (13%) and intra-abdominal abcesses (12%). The main cause of death was anastomotic dehiscence with abdominal sepsis. The last ten years mortality rate dropped from 4.7% to 0.8%. Risk factors for complications were gender (male, p = 0.01) and resection of spleen (p = 0.02) or pancreas (p = 0.002). A significantly lesser rate of complications was found in patients who had underwent gastrectomy during the previous five years (p = 0.001) or with tumors located in the lower third of the stomach (p = 0,01). CONCLUSION: Morbidity of gastrectomy for gastric cancer in our institution is still high but mortality has decreased significantly over the last ten years due to the specialization of the hospital and the surgical team. The main risk factor for complications was pancreatosplenectomy in the multivariate analysis.

Risk factors related to operative morbidity in patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Introduction. The purpose of this study is to analyzepostoperative morbidity and mortality of patientsoperated on for gastric cancer in a single institutionduring the last twenty years, and to definerisk factors for complications.Material and methods. A retrospective study wascarried out on 434 patients who underwent gastrectomyfor gastric cancer between January 1983 andDecember 2002. Analysis of main medical and surgicalcomplications and analysis of morbidity riskfactors.Results. Overall morbidity and mortality rates were38.4% and 2.7% respectively. The most frequentcomplications were pneumonia (13%) and intra-abdominalabcesses (12%). The main cause of deathwas anastomotic dehiscence with abdominal sepsis.The last ten years mortality rate dropped from 4.7%to 0.8%. Risk factors for complications were gender(male, p = 0.01) and resection of spleen (p = 0.02) orpancreas (p = 0.002). A significantly lesser rate ofcomplications was found in patients who had underwentgastrectomy during the previous five years(p = 0.001) or with tumors located in the lower thirdof the stomach (p = 0,01).Conclusion. Morbidity of gastrectomy for gastriccancer in our institution is still high but mortalityhas decreased significantly over the last ten yearsdue to the specialization of the hospital and the surgicalteam. The main risk factor for complicationswas pancreatosplenectomy in the multivariate analysis

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Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with sentinel lymph node biopsy for evaluation of axillary involvement in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study analysed the value of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in detecting axillary lymph node involvement in women with breast cancer. METHODS: In the first 150 women in this prospective study, axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was performed regardless of the PET results. In a second group (125 women) FDG-PET was complemented with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) only in those who did not have pathological axillary uptake. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of FDG-PET in detecting axillary involvement was 84.5 and 98.5 per cent respectively in the whole series of 275 patients, with two false-positive and 22 false-negative results. False-negative results were associated with some intrinsic tumour characteristics. In 21 women, PET revealed pathological uptake, suggesting involvement of the internal mammary lymph node chain. Whole-body PET identified a second synchronous tumour in five asymptomatic patients and haematogenous metastases in two patients. CONCLUSION: The high positive predictive value of PET (98.4 per cent) suggests that FDG uptake in the axilla could be an indication for full ALND without previous SLNB.

Obstrucción intestinal en una mujer de 89 años / Intestinal obstruction in an 89-year old woman

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Epidemiologic analysis and genotypic characterization of a nosocomial outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci.

We are reporting on a nosocomial outbreak of 213 cases of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus infection involving 2,812 enterococcal isolates from patients over a period of 36 months. In 1990, the Enterococcus faecium vancomycin susceptibility rate was found to be 85.7% (36 of 42 cases), and an incidence of 10.9% (42 of 383) was noted. The 1991 data showed E. faecium with a vancomycin susceptibility rate of 61.8% (110 of 178) and an incidence of 26.0% (178 of 684). Subsequently, in 1992, the incidence of E. faecium increased to 34.0% (599 of 1,745), with a decreased vancomycin susceptibility rate of 25.8% (155 of 599). The E. faecalis vancomycin susceptibility rate remained near 97% (1,768 of 1,823) over the 36-month period. Of 115 vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) clinical isolates identified by the MicroScan MIC Combo-6 panels (Baxter Healthcare, Sacramento, Calif.), the agar dilution method indicated the resistance rate to be 92.3% (106 of 115) (high level), 3.5% (4 of 115) midlevel, and 3.5% (4 of 115) (low level). Genotypic characterization of 32 different VRE isolates by field-inversion gel electrophoresis demonstrated 19 dissimilar restriction endonuclease patterns, with 9 patterns associated with VRE quinolone resistance. Statistical analysis of case-control data for 32 patients with VRE infections indicated a positive association with intrabdominal surgical procedures (odds ratio, 24.12), multidrug therapy (odds ratio, 37.80), preexposure to vancomycin (odds ratio, 20.21), and death (odds ratio, 17.50).