Introducing rotavirus vaccine to the Palestinian territories: the role of public-private partnerships.

BACKGROUND: Introducing childhood immunization poses challenges in environments of societal fragility. The Palestinian territories (Pt) are considered 'fragile' because of their lack of political, economic and territorial sovereignty. Poverty is rife, infant mortality high, and diseases associated with overcrowding widespread. Under these circumstances the Rostropovich Vishneskaya Foundation (RVF) has assembled a network of public and private stakeholders to introduce a country-wide rotavirus immunization program. METHODS: The incidence of diarrhea was determined for 18 months before and 18 months after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine among all children younger than 5 years presenting to outpatient clinics in Gaza with three or more loose stools per day. Simultaneously the prevalence of rotavirus was established by rotavirus antigen detection in stool samples collected from children younger than 3 years at Caritas Baby Hospital in Bethlehem during the corresponding time periods. RESULTS: Within 12 months 97.4% immunization coverage was achieved. The incidence of diarrhea dropped by 32.2%, while the prevalence of rotavirus in stool samples decreased by 64.6% throughout the following year. CONCLUSION: In environments of economic or political instability private-public partnerships for the introduction of comprehensive vaccination programs can work based on close collaboration, shared vision, flexibility and inter-organizational trust.

The effects of smokeless cookstoves on peak expiratory flow rates in rural Honduras.

BACKGROUND: The use of biomass fuel for cooking in traditional cookstove designs negatively affects respiratory health of communities in developing countries. Indoor pollution affects particularly women and children, who are participating in food preparation. The effects of smokeless cookstove designs on indoor pollution are well documented, but few studies exist to assess the effects of improved stove designs on the respiratory health of community members. METHODS: This study uses peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) measurements in a before-and-after format to assess respiratory function of inhabitants of all 30 houses of Buenas Noches in central Honduras. PEFRs are measured before and 6 months after the installation of Justa stoves in people's homes. Health behaviors, respiratory symptoms and fire wood use are evaluated in a door-to-door survey format. RESULTS: A total of 137 eligible women and children between 6 and 14 years participated in the study. PEFR improved by 9.9-18.5% (P < 0.001) depending on the participants' exposure to indoor pollution. Health complaints like cough and behaviors like clinic visits did not change with the introduction of smokeless cookstove technology. CONCLUSIONS: Smokeless stoves improve respiratory health in an environment of high levels of indoor pollution.

Tuberculosis in children dying with HIV-related lung disease: clinical-pathological correlations.

SETTING: Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto, South Africa. OBJECTIVES: To compare post mortem histological, microbiological and biochemical findings with clinical and radiological data generated ante mortem in children infected with HIV dying from clinical lung disease. METHODS: Post mortem lung and liver biopsies were undertaken on 93 consecutive deaths in children with HIV. Specimens were processed for culture, histology and staining for M. tuberculosis, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Post mortem diagnoses were compared with clinical and radiological data generated during the final hospitalisation. RESULTS: Tuberculosis (TB) was diagnosed post mortem in four (4.3%) cases; a further 17 (18.2%) patients had been treated empirically for TB before death, and the remaining 72 (77.5%) patients had not been treated for TB. TB was more prevalent in children aged 1 year or older (13.4%) than in younger patients (1.4%) (P < 0.025). Patients with PCP, CMV pneumonitis or lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) had the same clinical presentation or radiographic appearances as patients with TB. The only features distinguishing patients with TB were older age and ante mortem gastric aspirate cultures positive for M. tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of TB in children infected with HIV remains difficult. Clinical and radiographic features are shared with other opportunistic diseases. Case identification strategies relying on clinical and radiographic findings lead to overtreatment, particularly in children younger than 1 year of age. Gastric aspirate cultures remain a reliable tool for the identification of infected patients.

Pulse cyclophosphamide for steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

We report the response of ten patients (6 male, 4 female) with steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) to treatment with intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide (IVCP) together with oral prednisone. All patients had been treated with 60 mg/m2 oral prednisone daily for 2 months upon initial presentation. IVCP was given monthly at a dose of 500 mg/m2 over 6 months. Oral prednisone was given concurrently at 60 mg/m2 daily for 2 months and then on alternate days for 4 months, followed by 30 mg/m2 on alternate days for 6 months. Prednisone was then tapered monthly by 10 mg and finally discontinued. Five patients failed to respond to steroids from the onset and were considered as primary steroid resistant. Two of these patients achieved sustained remission after IVCP, one patient showed a partial response, with loss of edema, normalization of serum albumin, and persistent proteinuria, while two patients showed no response to IVCP. The other five patients had achieved remission after 2 months of daily prednisone at 60 mg/m2 upon initial presentation, but had suffered from more than three relapses per year and had eventually become steroid resistant. They were considered secondary steroid resistant. All five patients achieved sustained remission after IVCP. None of our patients suffered from adverse effects of IVCP. We suggest IVCP as an adjunctive therapy for steroid-resistant FSGS, particularly for patients with secondary steroid resistance.