Investigating correlates of athletic identity and sport-related injury outcomes: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVES: To conduct a scoping review that (1) describes what is known about the relationship between athletic identity and sport-related injury outcomes and (2) describes the relationship that an injury (as an exposure) has on athletic identity (as an outcome) in athletes. DESIGN: Scoping review. PARTICIPANTS: A total of n=1852 athletes from various sport backgrounds and levels of competition. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary measure used within the studies identified was the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale. Secondary outcome measures assessed demographic, psychosocial, behavioural, physical function and pain-related constructs. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies were identified for inclusion. Samples were dominated by male, Caucasian athletes. The majority of studies captured musculoskeletal injuries, while only three studies included sport-related concussion. Athletic identity was significantly and positively associated with depressive symptom severity, sport performance traits (eg, ego-orientation and mastery-orientation), social network size, physical self-worth, motivation, rehabilitation overadherence, mental toughness and playing through pain, as well as injury severity and functional recovery outcomes. Findings pertaining to the association that an injury (as an exposure) had on athletic identity (as an outcome) were inconsistent and limited. CONCLUSIONS: Athletic identity was most frequently associated with psychosocial, behavioural and injury-specific outcomes. Future research should seek to include diverse athlete samples (eg, women, athletes of different races, para-athletes) and should continue to reference theoretical injury models to inform study methodologies and to specify variables of interest for further exploration.

Lifetime prevalence of concussion among Canadian ice hockey players aged 10 to 25 years old, 2014 to 2017.

BACKGROUND: The primary objective of this study was to identify the self-reported lifetime prevalence of diagnosed concussions among Canadian ice hockey players aged 10 to 25 years old. METHOD: Medical records were identified for n=5223 athletes whom completed comprehensive baseline assessments with a Canada-wide network of private concussion management clinics. Variables extracted included: sex, age, diagnosed history of and number of prior concussions, diagnosed health condition(s), and Post-Concussion Symptom Scale scores. RESULTS: Approximately 22% of all athletes, 21.7% of females and 21.8% of males reported that they had sustained at least one diagnosed concussion. Age was significantly associated with history of concussion as was having an additional health condition. Sex was not significantly associated with a history of concussion. CONCLUSION: Lifetime history of concussion prevalence estimates aligned closely with estimates previously published. Future investigations should seek to establish the prevalence of concussions that occur during ice hockey games and practices alone.

CONTEXTE: L'objectif principal de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence autodéclarée au cours de la vie des commotions cérébrales diagnostiquées chez les joueurs canadiens de hockey sur glace âgés de 10 à 25 ans. MÉTHODE: Des dossiers médicaux ont été identifiés pour 5223 athlètes qui ont effectué des évaluations de base complètes avec un réseau pancanadien de cliniques privées de gestion des commotions cérébrales. Les variables extraites comprenaient : le sexe, l'âge, les antécédents diagnostiqués et le nombre de commotions cérébrales antérieures, le ou les problèmes de santé diagnostiqués et les scores de l'échelle des symptômes après la commotion cérébrale. RÉSULTATS: Environ 22 % de tous les athlètes, 21,7 % des femmes et 21,8 % des hommes ont déclaré avoir reçu au moins un diagnostic de commotion cérébrale. L'âge était associé de façon significative aux antécédents de commotion cérébrale tout comme le fait d'avoir un autre problème de santé. Le sexe n'était pas associé de façon significative à des antécédents de commotion cérébrale. CONCLUSION: Les estimations de la prévalence des antécédents de commotion cérébrale au cours de la vie concordent étroitement avec les estimations publiées antérieurement. Les enquêtes futures devraient chercher à établir la prévalence des commotions cérébrales qui surviennent uniquement pendant les parties et les pratiques de hockey sur glace.

Neurofeedback as a form of cognitive rehabilitation therapy following stroke: A systematic review.

Neurofeedback therapy (NFT) has been used within a number of populations however it has not been applied or thoroughly examined as a form of cognitive rehabilitation within a stroke population. Objectives for this systematic review included: i) identifying how NFT is utilized to treat cognitive deficits following stroke, ii) examining the strength and quality of evidence to support the use of NFT as a form of cognitive rehabilitation therapy (CRT) and iii) providing recommendations for future investigations. Searches were conducted using OVID (Medline, Health Star, Embase + Embase Classic) and PubMed databases. Additional searches were completed using the Cochrane Reviews library database, Google Scholar, the University of Toronto online library catalogue, ClinicalTrials.gov website and select journals. Searches were completed Feb/March 2015 and updated in June/July/Aug 2015. Eight studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they: i) were specific to a stroke population, ii) delivered CRT via a NFT protocol, iii) included participants who were affected by a cognitive deficit(s) following stroke (i.e. memory loss, loss of executive function, speech impairment etc.). NFT protocols were highly specific and varied within each study. The majority of studies identified improvements in participant cognitive deficits following the initiation of therapy. Reviewers assessed study quality using the Downs and Black Checklist for Measuring Study Quality tool; limited study quality and strength of evidence restricted generalizability of conclusions regarding the use of this therapy to the greater stroke population. Progression in this field requires further inquiry to strengthen methodology quality and study design. Future investigations should aim to standardize NFT protocols in an effort to understand the dose-response relationship between NFT and improvements in functional outcome. Future investigations should also place a large emphasis on long-term participant follow-up.

Web-based intervention programs for depression: a scoping review and evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Although depression is known to affect millions of people worldwide, individuals seeking aid from qualified health care professionals are faced with a number of barriers to treatment including a lack of treatment resources, limited number of qualified service providers, stigma associated with diagnosis and treatment, prolonged wait times, cost, and barriers to accessibility such as transportation and clinic locations. The delivery of depression interventions through the Internet may provide a practical solution to addressing some of these barriers. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this scoping review was to answer the following questions: (1) What Web-delivered programs are currently available that offer an interactive treatment component for depression?, (2) What are the contents, accessibility, and usability of each identified program?, and (3) What tools, supports, and research evidence are available for each identified program? METHODS: Using the popular search engines Google, Yahoo, and Bing (Canadian platforms), two reviewers independently searched for interactive Web-based interventions targeting the treatment of depression. The Beacon website, an information portal for online health applications, was also consulted. For each identified program, accessibility, usability, tools, support, and research evidence were evaluated and programs were categorized as evidence-based versus non-evidence-based if they had been the subject of at least one randomized controlled trial. Programs were scored using a 28-point rating system, and evidence- versus non-evidence-based programs were compared and contrasted. Although this review included all programs meeting exclusion and inclusion criteria found using the described search method, only English language Web-delivered depression programs were awarded an evaluation score. RESULTS: The review identified 32 programs meeting inclusion criteria. There was a great deal of variability among the programs captured in this evaluation. Many of the programs were developed for general adolescent or adult audiences, with few (n=2) focusing on special populations (eg, military personnel, older adults). Cognitive behavioral therapy was the most common therapeutic approach used in the programs described. Program interactive components included mood assessments and supplementary homework sheets such as activity planning and goal setting. Only 12 of the programs had published evidence in support of their efficacy and treatment of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: There are a number of interactive depression interventions available through the Internet. Recommendations for future programs, or the adaptation of existing programs include offering a greater selection of alternative languages, removing registration restrictions, free trial periods for programs requiring user fees, and amending programs to meet the needs of special populations (eg, those with cognitive and/or visual impairments). Furthermore, discussion of specific and relevant topics to the target audience while also enhancing overall user control would contribute to a more accessible intervention tool.