Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Vascular Diseases , Humans , Pulmonary Artery/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Circulation , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess the prevalence of secondary right-to-left circulatory shunt (RLS) in patients undergoing transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) as detected by power M-mode transcranial Doppler (TCD) and intracardiac echocardiography. BACKGROUND: Prevalence of residual RLS in late follow-up after PFO closure may be as high as 34%. Other cardiac and noncardiac sources of RLS may coexist and obscure PFO closure evaluation. METHODS: Eighty-eight patients who underwent transcatheter PFO closure to prevent recurrent paradoxical cerebral embolism between June 2005 and December 2006 were evaluated for a secondary source of RLS. Before device deployment, a sizing balloon was inflated in the PFO tunnel and agitated saline contrast was injected into the inferior vena cava. Clinically significant secondary RLS was defined as >10 embolic tracks on TCD at rest or immediately after calibrated (40 mm Hg), sustained (10 s) respiratory strain, with corresponding negative color-flow Doppler. Late residual RLS was evaluated in all patients with TCD and transthoracic echocardiography (mean: 192 days; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 161 to 223 days). RESULTS: The sample (n = 84) was 59% female, age 49 +/- 14 years. Seventeen patients (20%; 95% CI: 11.7 to 28.8) had secondary RLS during balloon occlusion. At late follow-up (n = 66), 13 of 14 (93%) patients with secondary RLS and 23 of 52 (44%) patients without secondary RLS had residual RLS (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to systematically assess the prevalence of secondary RLS in patients undergoing PFO closure. Residual RLS detected by TCD may be due to secondary RLS, which may have implications for clinical outcomes.
Subject(s)
Balloon Occlusion , Blood Circulation , Embolism, Paradoxical/diagnostic imaging , Foramen Ovale, Patent/diagnostic imaging , Intracranial Embolism/diagnostic imaging , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial , Adult , Balloon Occlusion/instrumentation , Contrast Media/administration & dosage , Embolism, Paradoxical/etiology , Embolism, Paradoxical/physiopathology , Embolism, Paradoxical/prevention & control , Female , Foramen Ovale, Patent/complications , Foramen Ovale, Patent/physiopathology , Foramen Ovale, Patent/therapy , Humans , Injections, Intravenous , Intracranial Embolism/etiology , Intracranial Embolism/physiopathology , Intracranial Embolism/prevention & control , Male , Middle Aged , Pilot Projects , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Secondary Prevention , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Vena Cava, InferiorABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Comparison was performed between unilateral and bilateral power M-mode transcranial Doppler to detect right-to-left circulatory shunt (RLS). METHODS: Recorded Doppler data from 87 patients with confirmed RLS referred for transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale were reanalyzed for embolic tracks (ET) counted from left and right temporal bone windows during bubble study. Unilateral counts were obtained by multiplying each side by 2; bilateral counts were obtained by summing left and right ET. Both unilateral and bilateral ET were converted to a 6-point logarithmic grade. Sex and age group subanalyses were performed. RESULTS: At rest, significantly more ET were detected with bilateral versus unilateral detection (P= .01), but not following Valsalva (P= .13). Unilateral and bilateral detection were equally able to detect large RLS (grades IV or V) following Valsalva (P= 1.00). For the group aged > or =55 years, the right-hand side yielded greater ET than the left-hand side (mean difference 9%+/- 37; 95% confidence interval -3 to 21%) at rest (P= .01), but not following Valsalva (mean difference 1%+/- 25; 95% confidence interval -7 to 9%, P= .10). CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral detection of ET by power M-mode transcranial Doppler is equivalent to bilateral detection to assess RLS.