Tendencia de la mortalidad por fibrosis quística en Chile, 1997-2017 / Cystic fibrosis mortality trend in chile, 1997-2017

Introducción. La Fibrosis Quística es la enfermedad hereditaria con pronóstico reducido más frecuente en raza blanca. Su incidencia varía según etnias. En Chile, la incidencia estimada es de 1/10.000 habitantes y la evidencia nacional acerca de la magnitud y caracterización de defunciones es escasa. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la evolución de mortalidad por fibrosis quística en Chile durante 1997-2017. Materiales y Métodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo sobre la tendencia de mortalidad por fibrosis quística en Chile. A partir de bases de datos secundarias del sistema de estadísticas de mortalidad del país, se analizó la cohorte de fallecidos registrado en el certificado de defunción como fibrosis quística. Se calcularon tasas de mortalidad crudas y ajustadas para todos los años observados. Se realizó un análisis para las defunciones en menores 40 años; según las variables sexo, edad y región. Se estimó el cambio porcentual anual utilizando el programa Joinpoint-Regression. Resultados. Se registraron 198 defunciones (49% mujeres). La edad media y mediana de defunción aumentaron progresivamente, desde 1997-2001 con media 8,5 y mediana 6 años a 2013-2017 con media 19,6 y mediana 20 años (p-valor<0,05). La tasa de mortalidad en los menores de 1 año presentó una tendencia decreciente con un cambio porcentual anual de - 32,5%, estadísticamente significativo. La región de Atacama presentó un riesgo de muerte 6,12 veces mayor que el promedio del país. Discusión. En Chile, la edad de defunción por fibrosis quística ha aumentado progresivamente y la mortalidad en los <1 año ha disminuido a lo largo de los últimos años.

Introduction. Cystic Fibrosis is the most frequent hereditary disease in whites, with a reduced prognosis. Its incidence varies by ethnicity. In Chile, the estimated incidence is 1/10,000 inha-bitants and national evidence regarding the magnitude and characterization of deaths is scarce.The aim of this study es to describe the evolution of cystic fibrosis mortality in Chile during 1997-2017. Materials and Methods. Retrospective descriptive study on the mortality trend due to cystic fibrosis in Chile. From secondary databases of the country's mortality statistics system, the cohort of deceased due to cystic fibrosis, as registered in the death certificate was analyzed. Crude and adjusted mortality rates were calculated for all observed years. An analysis was performed for deaths in persons younger 40 years; according to the variables of sex, age and region. The annual percentage change was estimated using the Joinpoint-Regression program.Results. 198 deaths were registered (49% women). For those younger than 40 years at the time of death, the mean and median age of death increased progressively, from mean 8.5 and median 6 years in 1997 to 2001 to a mean of 19.6 and median of 20 years in 2013-2017 (p-value <0.05). The mortality rate in under 1 year of ages presented a decreasing trend with an annual percentage change of -32.5%. The Atacama region presented a risk of death 6.12 times higher than the country's average.Discussion. In Chile, the age of death due to cystic fibrosis has progressively increased and mortality in <1 year has decreased in recent years

Consenso chileno para la atención integral de niños y adultos con fibrosis quística

Resumen La Fibrosis Quística (FQ) es la enfermedad hereditaria de pronóstico reservado más frecuente en raza blanca. Desde el año 2003, Chile inicia un Programa Nacional de Fibrosis Quística, de carácter integral, dirigido por la Unidad de Salud Respiratoria del Ministerio de Salud. Hasta la fecha, los principales resultados del Programa registran una significativa mayor sobrevida (promedio 27 años) y una significativa reducción en la edad de diagnóstico de los pacientes ingresados desde 2006 en adelante. El acceso a la canasta GES (Garantías Explícitas en Salud), la implementación del tamizaje neonatal en algunas regiones del país, la organización y la constitución de equipos entrenados en FQ de diversas especialidades, ha contribuido a mejorar los resultados. Si bien las principales manifestaciones son del aparato respiratorio y digestivo, el carácter multisistémico de la FQ obliga a conocer los distintos aspectos involucrados en su manejo, a fin de optimizar los resultados del tratamiento y los recursos invertidos, tanto en el sector público como privado. Este documento es una revisión y actualización sobre los principales aspectos del diagnóstico, seguimiento y tratamiento de las manifestaciones respiratorias y no respiratorias de la FQ.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most frequent hereditary disease in whites, with a reserved prognosis. Since 2003, Chile began a comprehensive National Cystic Fibrosis Program, directed by the Respiratory Health Unit of the Ministry of Health. To date, the main results of the Program record a significantly longer survival (average 27 years) and a significant reduction in the age of diagnosis of patients admitted from 2006 onwards. Access to Chilean Explicit Health Guarantees, the implementation of neonatal screening in some regions of the country, the organization and setting up of CF-trained teams of various specialties, has contributed to improving results. Although the main manifestations are of the respiratory and digestive system, the multisystemic nature of CF makes it necessary to know the different aspects involved in its management, in order to optimize the results of the treatment and the resources invested, both in the public and private sectors. This document is a review and an update on the main aspects of the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of the respiratory and non-respiratory manifestations of CF.

Nistagmo secundario a albinismo con compromiso ocular en paciente femenina: un desafío diagnóstico / Nystagmus secondary to albinism with ocular involvement in a female: a diagnostic challenge

INTRODUCCIÓN: El nistagmo infantil es infrecuente y representa un desafío diagnóstico para el pediatra. El albinismo es una de sus principales causas, siendo difícil de sospechar en ausencia de compromiso cutáneo evidente, especialmente en pacientes femeninas, debido a que tipo de herencia del albinismo ocular. OBJETIVO: Describir un caso de nistagmo secundario a albinismo con compromiso ocular aislado en paciente femenina, para discutir el enfoque diagnóstico pediátrico. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente fe menino de 3 semanas de vida, sin antecedentes mórbidos, derivada a neuropediatra y oftalmólogo por movimientos oculares paroxísticos desde las 2 semanas, con estudio con electroencefalograma e imágenes cerebrales normales. A los 3 meses se confirmó translucencia iridiana, nistagmo y astigmatismo hipermetrópico. La valuación dermatológica descartó compromiso cutáneo. Evolucionó con inclinación cefálica hacia abajo y retraso del desarrollo de la coordinación, fue manejada con lentes de corrección y kinesioterapia. A los 3 años, destacaba mejoría de la agudeza visual, disminución del nistagmo y neurodesarrollo normal. La evaluación oftalmológica de ambos padres fue normal y no había antecedentes de nistagmo o albinismo en la familia. Por decisión de los padres no se realizó estudio genético. CONCLUSIÓN: El diagnóstico de nistagmo secundario a compromiso ocular del albinismo, aún en ausencia de afección cutánea, es clínico; el estudio genético permite confirmar la etiología, sin ser un examen imprescindible, a menos que se considere la planificación familiar. La pesquisa oportuna e intervención multidisciplinaria determinan un mejor pronóstico.

INTRODUCTION: Infantile nystagmus is an infrequent condition that represents a diagnostic challenge for the pediatri cian. Albinism is one of its main causes, being difficult to suspect in the absence of evident cutaneous involvement, especially in female patients, due to the inheritance type of ocular albinism. OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of nystagmus secondary to albinism with isolated ocular involvement in a female patient, in order to provide tools for pediatric approach and diagnosis. CLINICAL CASE: Three- weeks-old female patient, without morbid history, referred to a pediatric neurosurgeon and ophthal mologist due to paroxysmal eye movements since 2 weeks of age. The electroencephalogram and brain images were normal. In follow-up monitoring at 3 months, iris translucency, nystagmus, and hypermetropic astigmatism were confirmed. Dermatologic evaluation ruled out cutaneous invol vement. The patient developed cephalic downward inclination and coordination development de lay was confirmed, the patient was handled with corrective lenses and kinesiotherapy. In follow-up monitoring at 3 years, there was an improvement in visual acuity, decreased nystagmus and normal neurodevelopment. The ophthalmological evaluation of both parents was normal and there was no history of nystagmus or albinism in the family. Upon her parents' decision, no genetic study was ca rried out. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of nystagmus secondary to ocular albinism, even in the absence of cutaneous involvement, is clinical. The genetic study allows confirming the etiology, without being an essential examination, unless family planning is considered. Timely research and multidisciplinary intervention determine a better prognosis.

[Nystagmus secondary to albinism with ocular involvement in a female: A diagnostic challenge]. / Nistagmo secundario a albinismo con compromiso ocular en paciente femenina: Un desafío diagnóstico.

INTRODUCTION: Infantile nystagmus is an infrequent condition that represents a diagnostic challenge for the pediatri cian. Albinism is one of its main causes, being difficult to suspect in the absence of evident cutaneous involvement, especially in female patients, due to the inheritance type of ocular albinism. Objec tive: To describe a case of nystagmus secondary to albinism with isolated ocular involvement in a female patient, in order to provide tools for pediatric approach and diagnosis. CLINICAL CASE: Three- weeks-old female patient, without morbid history, referred to a pediatric neurosurgeon and ophthal mologist due to paroxysmal eye movements since 2 weeks of age. The electroencephalogram and brain images were normal. In follow-up monitoring at 3 months, iris translucency, nystagmus, and hypermetropic astigmatism were confirmed. Dermatologic evaluation ruled out cutaneous invol vement. The patient developed cephalic downward inclination and coordination development de lay was confirmed, the patient was handled with corrective lenses and kinesiotherapy. In follow-up monitoring at 3 years, there was an improvement in visual acuity, decreased nystagmus and normal neurodevelopment. The ophthalmological evaluation of both parents was normal and there was no history of nystagmus or albinism in the family. Upon her parents' decision, no genetic study was ca rried out. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of nystagmus secondary to ocular albinism, even in the absence of cutaneous involvement, is clinical. The genetic study allows confirming the etiology, without being an essential examination, unless family planning is considered. Timely research and multidisciplinary intervention determine a better prognosis.

Consenso chileno para la atención integral de niños y adultos con fibrosis quística / Chilean consensus for the integral care of children and adults with cystic fibrosis

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most frequent hereditary disease in whites, with a reserved prognosis. Since 2003, Chile began a comprehensive National Cystic Fibrosis Program, directed by the Respiratory Health Unit of the Ministry of Health. To date, the main results of the Program record a significantly longer survival (average 27 years) and a significant reduction in the age of diagnosis of patients admitted from 2006 onwards. Access to Chilean Explicit Health Guarantees, the implementation of neonatal screening in some regions of the country, the organization and setting up of CF-trained teams of various specialties, has contributed to improving results. Although the main manifestations are of the respiratory and digestive system, the multisystemic nature of CF makes it necessary to know the different aspects involved in its management, in order to optimize the results of the treatment and the resources invested, both in the public and private sectors. This document is a review and an update on the main aspects of the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of the respiratory and non-respiratory manifestations of CF.

La Fibrosis Quística (FQ) es la enfermedad hereditaria de pronóstico reservado más frecuente en raza blanca. Desde el año 2003, Chile inicia un Programa Nacional de Fibrosis Quística, de carácter integral, dirigido por la Unidad de Salud Respiratoria del Ministerio de Salud. Hasta la fecha, los principales resultados del Programa registran una significativa mayor sobrevida (promedio 27 años) y una significativa reducción en la edad de diagnóstico de los pacientes ingresados desde 2006 en adelante. El acceso a la canasta GES (Garantías Explícitas en Salud), la implementación del tamizaje neonatal en algunas regiones del país, la organización y la constitución de equipos entrenados en FQ de diversas especialidades, ha contribuido a mejorar los resultados. Si bien las principales manifestaciones son del aparato respiratorio y digestivo, el carácter multisistémico de la FQ obliga a conocer los distintos aspectos involucrados en su manejo, a fin de optimizar los resultados del tratamiento y los recursos invertidos, tanto en el sector público como privado. Este documento es una revisión y actualización sobre los principales aspectos del diagnóstico, seguimiento y tratamiento de las manifestaciones respiratorias y no respiratorias de la FQ.

[Sociodemographic risk factors of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome]. / Factores de riesgo socio-demográficos del síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus.

BACKGROUND: Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is caused by new world hantaviruses, among which Andes hantavirus (ANDV) is endemic to Chile and Southern Argentina. The disease caused by ANDV produces plasma leakage leading to enhanced vascular permeability and has a high case fatality rate (35%), mainly due to respiratory failure, pulmonary edema and myocardial dysfunction, hypoperfusion and shock. Host sociodemographic and genetic factors might influence the course and outcome of the disease. Yet, they have not been thoroughly characterized. AIM: To evaluate sociodemographic factors as risk factors in severity of HCPS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Study period: 2004-20013, attending in eight collaborative centers, etiological diagnosis was performed by serology or molecular biology, mild and severe HCPS were compared.139 Chilean patients were analyzed, 64 (46%) with severe disease among which 12 (19 %) died. RESULTS: European ethnicity had 5,1 times higher risk than Amerindian ethnic group to develop a severe HCPS, greater seriousness that was also associated with an urban residence. CONCLUSION: It was observed that ethnicity and type of residence were significant risk factors for HCPS severity. Hypotheses explaining these findings are discussed.

Factores de riesgo socio-demográficos del síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus / Sociodemographic risk factors of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus (SCPH) es causado en Chile y en el sur de Argentina por el Andes hantavirus (ANDV), el que es endémico en esta zona. La enfermedad causada por ANDV produce un aumento de permeabilidad vascular y filtración de plasma con una alta tasa de letalidad (35%), debido principalmente a insuficiencia respiratoria por edema pulmonar y al desarrollo en los casos graves de compromiso miocárdico, hipoperfusión y shock. Aunque se sabe que los factores socio-demográficos del hospedero pueden influir en el curso y el resultado de la enfermedad, estos no se han caracterizado previamente en la población chilena. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre los factores socio-demográficos y la gravedad del SCPH. Pacientes y Métodos: Período de análisis 2004-20013, pacientes atendidos en ocho centros colaboradores, diagnóstico etiológico serológico o por biología molecular, se comparan SCPH leve y grave. Se analizaron 139 pacientes chilenos, 64 (46%) con enfermedad grave, entre los cuales 12 murieron (19%). Resultados: La etnia europea tuvo un riesgo 5,1 veces mayor de desarrollar un SCPH grave que la etnia amerindia, gravedad mayor que también se asoció a una residencia urbana. Conclusiones: Se observó una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre etnia, lugar de residencia y evolución de SCPH. Se discuten hipótesis que expliquen estos hallazgos.

Background: Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is caused by new world hantaviruses, among which Andes hantavirus (ANDV) is endemic to Chile and Southern Argentina. The disease caused by ANDV produces plasma leakage leading to enhanced vascular permeability and has a high case fatality rate (35%), mainly due to respiratory failure, pulmonary edema and myocardial dysfunction, hypoperfusion and shock. Host sociodemographic and genetic factors might influence the course and outcome of the disease. Yet, they have not been thoroughly characterized. Aim: To evaluate sociodemographic factors as risk factors in severity of HCPS. Patients and Methods: Study period: 2004-20013, attending in eight collaborative centers, etiological diagnosis was performed by serology or molecular biology, mild and severe HCPS were compared.139 Chilean patients were analyzed, 64 (46%) with severe disease among which 12 (19 %) died. Results: European ethnicity had 5,1 times higher risk than Amerindian ethnic group to develop a severe HCPS, greater seriousness that was also associated with an urban residence. Conclusion: It was observed that ethnicity and type of residence were significant risk factors for HCPS severity. Hypotheses explaining these findings are discussed.

[Rett Syndrome: MECP2 gene molecular analysis in Chilean patients]. / Síndrome de Rett: Análisis molecular del gen MECP2 en pacientes chilenas.

INTRODUCTION: Rett syndrome (RTT) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by regres sion of psychomotor development in previously healthy girls. Most cases are due to pathogenic va riants in the MECP2 gene which encodes for the methyl CpG-binding protein 2. OBJECTIVE: To des cribe the frequency and type of pathogenic variants in the MECP2 gene in Chilean female patients with clinical diagnosis of RTT. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Chilean women with clinical suspicion of RTT were invited to participate in the study. Clinical data were collected through a questionnaire. MECP2 pathogenic variants were analyzed by Sanger sequencing method and Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) was used to detect duplications or deletions. RESULTS: The study in cluded 14 patients with suspected RTT, of which eight (57%) patients had pathogenic variants. The other patients remain without molecular diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Pathogenic variants in MECP2 are present in Chilean patients with RTT. It is likely that there are other genes or diagnoses involved in patients without MECP2 findings. As of this study, molecular diagnosis is available in Chile.

Síndrome de Rett: Análisis molecular del gen MECP2 en pacientes chilenas / Rett syndrome: MECP2 gene molecular analysis in Chilean patients

INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome de Rett (RTT) es un trastorno neurológico progresivo caracterizado por producir una regresión del desarrollo psicomotor en niñas previamente sanas. La mayoría de los casos son causados por variantes patogénicas en el gen MECP2, que codifica para la proteína methyl CpG- binding protein 2. OBJETIVO: Describir la frecuencia y el tipo de variantes patogénicas en MECP2 en mujeres chilenas con diagnóstico clínico de RTT. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se invitó a participar en este estudio a mujeres chilenas con sospecha clínica de RTT. Se reunió información clínica mediante un cuestionario. Se analizaron variantes patogénicas en MECP2 mediante el método de secuenciación de Sanger y se utilizó Multiple Ligation-dependant Probe Amplification (MLPA) para la detección de duplicaciones y deleciones. RESULTADO: El estudio incluyó 14 pacientes con sospecha de RTT, de las cuales 8 (57%) pacientes tuvieron variantes patogénicas. Las restantes permanecen sin diagnóstico molecular. CONCLUSIÓN: Variantes patogénicas en MECP2 están presentes en pacientes chilenas con RTT. Es probable que haya otros genes o diagnósticos involucrados en las pacientes sin hallazgos en MECP2. A partir de este trabajo, el diagnóstico molecular está disponible en Chile.

INTRODUCTION: Rett syndrome (RTT) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by regres sion of psychomotor development in previously healthy girls. Most cases are due to pathogenic va riants in the MECP2 gene which encodes for the methyl CpG-binding protein 2. OBJECTIVE: To des cribe the frequency and type of pathogenic variants in the MECP2 gene in Chilean female patients with clinical diagnosis of RTT. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Chilean women with clinical suspicion of RTT were invited to participate in the study. Clinical data were collected through a questionnaire. MECP2 pathogenic variants were analyzed by Sanger sequencing method and Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) was used to detect duplications or deletions. RESULTS: The study in cluded 14 patients with suspected RTT, of which eight (57%) patients had pathogenic variants. The other patients remain without molecular diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Pathogenic variants in MECP2 are present in Chilean patients with RTT. It is likely that there are other genes or diagnoses involved in patients without MECP2 findings. As of this study, molecular diagnosis is available in Chile.

Secuenciación del gen CFTR en un grupo de pacientes chilenos con fibrosis quística / CFTR gene sequencing in a group of Chilean patients with cystic fibrosis

Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations of the CFTR gene, in which over 1,900 different mutations have been identified. In Chile, the diagnosis panel with the 36 most common mutations detects approximately 50% of all alleles, while for Caucasians, it is nearly 90%. The objective of this study is to expand the capacity of mutational screening in Chilean patients and look for recurrent mutations at the national level. Method: The detection of unknown pathogenic alleles was assessed by CFTR gene sequencing in a selected group of patients from the National Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (NCFF). 39 patients, who met the CF diagnostic criteria and had only one allele identified according to the mutational panel, were studied. Massive sequencing was performed throughout the investigation and the main CFTR databases were used for analysis. Results: The second pathogenic allele was identified in 16 of 39 patients of this study (41%), finding eleven different mutations that had not been reported in our population. We believe that the reason is that one of the variants had not been previously described. Conclusions: Mutations that had been described mainly in Hispanic and/or Mediterranean populations were identified. We found a variation that had not been previously reported, but not enough recurrent mutations that could explain the low rate of detection were found. Knowledge about mutations can provide appropriate genetic counseling and will be critical to evaluate the potential use of new targeted therapies for treating them.

Introducción: La fibrosis quística (FQ) es un trastorno autosómico recesivo causado por mutaciones en el gen CFTR, en el cual se han identificado más de 1.900 mutaciones diferentes. En Chile, el panel diagnóstico con las 36 mutaciones más comunes permite una tasa de detección cercana al 50% de los alelos, mientras que en caucásicos la tasa es casi de 90%. El objetivo fue ampliar la capacidad de detección mutacional en los pacientes chilenos y buscar mutaciones que pudieran ser recurrentes a nivel local. Pacientes y Método: Se evaluó la detección de alelos patogénicos desconocidos mediante la secuenciación del gen CFTR en un grupo seleccionado de pacientes del Programa Nacional de FQ (PNFQ). Se analizaron 39 pacientes, que cumplían los criterios diagnósticos de FQ y que tenían sólo un alelo identificado con el panel mutacional. Se realizó secuenciación masiva y para el análisis se utilizaron las principales bases de datos de CFTR. Resultados: En este grupo seleccionado de pacientes se identificó el segundo alelo patogénico en 16 de los 39 pacientes (41%), encontrándose once diferentes mutaciones que no se habían reportado en nuestra población. Según nuestro conocimiento, una de las variantes no había sido descrita previamente. Conclusiones: Se identificaron mutaciones que habían sido descritas principalmente en poblaciones hispánicas y/o mediterráneas. Encontramos una variante no reportada, aunque no encontramos mutaciones lo suficientemente recurrentes que pudieran explicar la baja tasa de detección. El conocimiento de las mutaciones permite otorgar un adecuado asesoramiento genético y será fundamental para evaluar el potencial uso de nuevas terapias específicas para las mutaciones.

[CFTR gene sequencing in a group of Chilean patients with cystic fibrosis]. / Secuenciación del gen CFTR en un grupo de pacientes chilenos con fibrosis quística.

INTRODUCTION: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations of the CFTR gene, in which over 1,900 different mutations have been identified. In Chile, the diagnosis panel with the 36 most common mutations detects approximately 50% of all alleles, while for Caucasians, it is nearly 90%. The objective of this study is to expand the capacity of mutational screening in Chilean patients and look for recurrent mutations at the national level. METHOD: The detection of unknown pathogenic alleles was assessed by CFTR gene sequencing in a selected group of patients from the National Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (NCFF). 39 patients, who met the CF diagnostic criteria and had only one allele identified according to the mutational panel, were studied. Massive sequencing was performed throughout the investigation and the main CFTR databases were used for analysis. RESULTS: The second pathogenic allele was identified in 16 of 39 patients of this study (41%), finding eleven different mutations that had not been reported in our population. We believe that the reason is that one of the variants had not been previously described. CONCLUSIONS: Mutations that had been described mainly in Hispanic and/or Mediterranean populations were identified. We found a variation that had not been previously reported, but not enough recurrent mutations that could explain the low rate of detection were found. Knowledge about mutations can provide appropriate genetic counseling and will be critical to evaluate the potential use of new targeted therapies for treating them.

Expandiendo el espectro mutacional en pacientes chilenos con fibrosis quística / Expanding the CFTR mutation spectrum in Chilean patients with cystic fibrosis

Introduction: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease and affects 1 in 8000-9000 newborns in Chile. More than 1,800 different mutations have been identified in CFTR gene. The available molecular diagnosis analyzes the 36 most frequent mutations in Caucasian population, with an overall detection rate of80-85 percent, but with a much lower detection rate in Chilean patients of 42 percent. To analyze which other mutations are present in Chilean patients, we conducted an extensive analysis by direct DNA sequencing of coding sequences of the CFTR gene. Methods: Forty eight Chilean patients with clinical diagnosis of CF and one mutated allele in the CFTR gene identified, were studied by direct sequence analysis of exons 6, 7, 14, 19 and 20 of the CFTR gene. Results: We found 3 different mutations in 14 cases that had not been previously identified in Chilean patients. Four patients have a deletion of two nucleotides (c.2462_2463delGT/p.Ser821ArgfsX4) in exon 14, which is predicted to cause a frame shift and a premature stop codon. Eight patients have c.3196C>T mutation in the exon 20 and 2 cases has c.3039delC mutation in the exon 19. Both mutations had been previously described in other populations. Discussion: The identification of these mutations has notably increased the detection rate in our patients. Adapting the molecular diagnosis method by including these three mutations should increase the CF detection rate in Chilean patients. This analysis will improve CF diagnosis and allow an adequate genetic counseling to the families.

Introducción: La fibrosis quística (FQ) es una enfermedad con herencia autosómica recesiva, que presenta una incidencia de 1 en 8.000 a 9.000 recién nacidos en Chile. A la fecha se han descrito más de 1.800 mutaciones diferentes en el gen CFTR. El diagnóstico molecular disponible consiste en el análisis de las 36 mutaciones presentes con mayor frecuencia en población caucásica, donde se describe una tasa de detección de un 85 por ceinto. Sin embargo, en Chile el rendimiento corresponde a un 42 por ciento. Por esta razón, hemos iniciado un análisis sistemático en la región codificante del gen CFTR con el fin de identificar los restantes alelos en pacientes chilenos con FQ. Métodos: Análisis por secuenciación de los exones 6,7,14,19y 20, en 48pacientes chilenos del Programa Nacional de FQ. Se incluyeron pacientes con criterios clínicos y de laboratorio de FQ, y con sólo una mutación identificada en el panel de 36 mutaciones. Resultados: Se identificaron 3 mutaciones diferentes que no se analizan en el panel de diagnóstico molecular y que no habían sido reportadas en pacientes chilenos, totalizando 14 casos. Cuatro casos corresponden a una nueva mutación en el exón 14, que produce un corrimiento en el marco de lectura y un codón de término prematuro (c.2462_2463delGT/p.Ser821ArgfsX4). Ocho casos presentan la mutación c.3196C>T en el exón 20, mientras que en 2 casos se encontró la mutación c.3039delC en el exón 19. Ambas mutaciones han sido descritas previamente en otras poblaciones. Discusión: La identificación de estas mutaciones ha incrementado notablemente la tasa de detección obtenida en nuestros pacientes. Esto crea la necesidad de adaptar el análisis molecular inicial en pacientes chilenos con FQ, redundando en un diagnóstico de certeza en gran parte de los casos y permitiendo un adecuado asesoramiento genético para las familias.

Evaluación de mutaciones en los genes GJB2 y GJB6 en pacientes con sordera congénita identificados mediante screening neonatal / Evaluation of GJB2 and GJB6 gene mutation in Chilean patients with congenital deafness identified through neonatal screening

If not detected and treated early, congenital sensorineural hearing loss generates impairment in linguistic, intellectual and social development of individuals. Most congenital hearing deficits are genetic. The most common causes are mutations in GJB2 and GJB6 genes, both located on chromosome 13, encoding junction proteins that allow the transduction of sound in the inner ear. Objetive: To evaluate the presence of mutations in GJB2 and GJB6 genes in a population of children diagnosed with deafness in Complejo Hospitalario Sótero del Río since implementation of the universal newborn hearing screening program. Patients and Methods: 8 patients with congenital nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness were evaluated. Genomic DNA was extracted from oral mucosa swabs. PCR was performed to identify the 35 del G mutation in GJB2, followed by sequencing of this gene, and PCR for 2 GJB6 deletions. Results: Two patients were heterozygous for 35 del G mutation in GJB2, being their other alleles normal. Another 2 patients were heterozygous for V27I polymorphism, one of them also accompanied by p.A148A (c.444C > A) variant. A patient was found with a previously undescribed mutation (c.4360 C>T) in GJB2's intron 1, being the second allele normal. No mutations were identified in GJB6. Conclusions: In this population of children, mutations in the GJB2 gene were an identifiable cause of congenital sensorineural.

La hipoacusia neurosensorial congénita es una patología frecuente que si no es detectada y tratada oportunamente genera alteraciones en el desarrollo del niño. Desde el año 2005 se lleva a cabo en el Complejo Hospitalario Dr. Sótero del Río un programa de screening auditivo universal para la detección precoz de esta patología. La mayor parte de los déficits auditivos congénitos son genéticos. La etiología más común son las mutaciones en los genes GJB2 y GJB6, que codifican para proteínas "gap junction" que permiten la traducción del sonido en el oído interno. Objetivo: Evaluar la presencia de mutaciones de los genes GJB2 y GJB6 en una población de niños diagnosticados con hipoacusia congénita en el Complejo Hospitalario Dr. Sótero del Río a través del programa de screening auditivo universal. Pacientes y Método: Se evaluaron 8 pacientes con hipoacusia congénita neurosensorial no sindrómica. Se extrajo ADN genómico de hisopado de mucosa bucal y se realizó PCR para identificar la mutación 35 del G en GJB2, seguida de secuenciación de este gen, y PCR para 2 deleciones del gen GJB6. Resultados: Dos pacientes fueron heterocigotos para la mutación 35 del G en GJB2, siendo sus otros alelos normales. Dos fueron heterocigotos para el polimorfismo V27I; uno acompañado por la variante p.A148A (c.444 C > A). Se encontró además un paciente con una mutación no descrita anteriormente (c.4360 C>T) en el intrón 1 de GJB2, siendo su segundo alelo normal. No se identificaron mutaciones en GJB6. Conclusiones: En este grupo de niños estudiados se encontró mutaciones en el gen GJB2, causantes de sordera neurosensorial congénita.

Alta prevalencia de hernias abdominales en pacientes con síndrome velocardiofacial / High incidence of abdominal wall hernias in patients with velocardiofacial syndrome

Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) is due to a microdeletion on chromosome region 22q11.2. Clinically, it is characterized by congenital anomalies and psychiatric and cognitive manifestations. The most common structural defects are congenital heart disease and palatal anomalies, both due to abnormal development of the pharyngeal pouches. Another less studied manifestation is abdominal wall hernias. Objective: To characterize the frequency and types of hernias in patients with VCFS, and their association with congenital cardiopathies and palatine abnormalities. Patients and Methods: 202 patients were evaluated by direct clinical examination and questionnaire about their phenotypic characteristics. Results were compared to those found in the literature. Results: Age range was 0.5 to 48.4 years old (mean 11.9 years), 50.4 percent were females. Twenty two percent of patients had abdominal wall hernias. Of these, 49.1 percent were inguinal and 40.3 percent, umbilical. Conclusion: Patients with VCFS have a higher incidence of abdominal hernias than general population, described as approximately 5 percent. This is another common manifestation of the syndrome, not attributable to defects in development of pharyngeal pouches and with unknown pathogenesis.

El síndrome velocardiofacial (SVCF) se debe a una microdeleción en la región cromosómica 22q11.2. Clínicamente, se caracteriza por anomalías congénitas y manifestaciones siquiátricas y cognitivas. Entre las malformaciones más comunes, están las cardiopatías congénitas y anomalías palatinas, por defectos en el desarrollo de las bolsas faríngeas. Otra manifestación menos estudiada son las hernias de la pared abdominal. Objetivo: Caracterizar la frecuencia y tipos de hernias en pacientes con SVCF y su asociación con cardiopatías congénitas y anomalías del paladar. Pacientes y Método: Evaluamos 202 pacientes mediante un examen clínico directo y un cuestionario sobre sus características fenotípicas. Comparamos los resultados con la información de la literatura. Resultados: El rango de edad fue de 0,5 a 48,4 años (media de 11,9 años), 50,4 por ciento de sexo femenino. El 22 por ciento de los pacientes presentó hernias de la pared abdominal. De estas, el 49,1 por ciento fueron inguinales y el 40,3 por ciento, umbilicales. La frecuencia de hernias en los pacientes con SVCF es significativamente mayor que la descrita para la población general, aproximadamente un 5 por ciento. Esta es una manifestación común del síndrome, que no es atribuible a defectos del desarrollo de las bolsas faríngeas y cuya patogenia no ha sido definida.

Aspectos psicológicos de la rehabilitación pulmonar en el paciente con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Psychological aspects of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

We present a review of the literature available on the psychological issues of the rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The review is organized around four main themes. First, we present the more commonly psychological manifestations described among patients with COPD, in particular depression and anxiety. Second, we discuss some psychosocial factors that may influence the treatment and course of the disease, including the following: social support, illness beliefs, self-efficacy and self- management (human agency). Third, we present treatments and interventions that are considered to be effective for the management of these psychological disorders in patients with COPD and discuss the evidence. The chapter ends with a discussion about the influence of the pulmonary rehabilitation on the psychological and psychiatric symptoms that these patients present.

Se realiza una revisión de la literatura sobre los aspectos psicológicos de la rehabilitación pulmonar en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC). La revisión está organizada en cuatro temas centrales. Primero, se presentan las manifestaciones psicológicas más habituales descritas en pacientes con EPOC, en particular trastornos depresivos y ansiosos. Segundo, se discuten algunos factores psicosociales que pueden influir en el tratamiento y curso de la enfermedad, incluyendo las siguientes: apoyo social, creencias de enfermedad, autoeficacia y autogestión en salud. Tercero, se presentan los tratamientos y las intervenciones que se consideran son más efectivas para el manejo de estos trastornos psicológicos en pacientes con EPOC y se discute su evidencia. El capítulo termina con una discusión sobre la influencia de la rehabilitación pulmonar en la sintomatología psicológica y psiquiátrica de estos pacientes.

Trastornos psiquiátricos y cognitivos de la hepatitis C y su tratamiento con interferón / Psychiatric and cognitive problems associated to hepatitis C and its treatment with interferon

This article is a literature search about the psychopathology related to hepatitis C and its treatment with interferon. An overview of the methodology of the available studies is presented. New theories for a better understanding and diagnosis of the psychiatric alteration associated to hepatitis C or interferon treatment are proposed, to improve future research. We discuss neurobiological aspects, clinical manifestations, psychosocial features and pharmacotherapy of the psychiatric manifestations of hepatitis C and its treatment with interferon.

[Psychiatric and cognitive problems associated to hepatitis C and its treatment with interferon]. / Trastornos psiquiátricos y cognitivos de la hepatitis C y su tratamiento con interferón.

This article is a literature search about the psychopathology related to hepatitis C and its treatment with interferon. An overview of the methodology of the available studies is presented. New theories for a better understanding and diagnosis of the psychiatric alteration associated to hepatitis C or interferon treatment are proposed, to improve future research. We discuss neurobiological aspects, clinical manifestations, psychosocial features and pharmacotherapy of the psychiatric manifestations of hepatitis C and its treatment with interferon.

Relación estudiante de medicina-enfermo: visión de los estudiantes / Medical student - patient relationschip: the students' perspective

Background: The relationship between medical students and patients has special characteristics that require to be well understood to prepare both students and tutors. Aim: To learn about medical students' thoughts and experiences once they start working with patients, how do they solve difficulties or problems and their perceptions about professional roles and patient rights. Material and methods: Qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews applied to 30 volunteer third year medical students who were beginning their clinical practice. The answers to open questions were transcribed and then analized and grouped by topics and categories. Results: Helping others was the main motivation to go to medical school. Other reasons were scientific interest and social status. Students felt prepared to communicate with patients. However they felt anxious, stressful and fearful of not being competent or not being able to answer patients' questions. There were some differences between male and female students' feelings. Nevertheless students declared that they had rewarding experiences with patients. They all recognized that patients have the right to reject being treated by students. The answers also showed that the first clinical experiences led to significant changes in their views of the medical profession. Conclusions: Students are aware of their trainee condition, the benefits that they obtain being in contact with patients and of their limitations. Patients must voluntarily accept to be subject of the students' training program and informed consent procedures need to be developed.

[Medical student-patient relationship: the students' perspective]. / Relación estudiante de medicina-enfermo: visión de los estudiantes.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between medical students and patients has special characteristics that require to be well understood to prepare both students and tutors. AIM: To learn about medical students' thoughts and experiences once they start working with patients, how do they solve difficulties or problems and their perceptions about professional roles and patient rights. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews applied to 30 volunteer third year medical students who were beginning their clinical practice. The answers to open questions were transcribed and then analysed and grouped by topics and categories. RESULTS: Helping others was the main motivation to go to medical school. Other reasons were scientific interest and social status. Students felt prepared to communicate with patients. However they felt anxious, stressful and fearful of not being competent or not being able to answer patients' questions. There were some differences between male and female students' feelings. Nevertheless students declared that they had rewarding experiences with patients. They all recognized that patients have the right to reject being treated by students. The answers also showed that the first clinical experiences led to significant changes in their views of the medical profession. CONCLUSIONS: Students are aware of their trainee condition, the benefits that they obtain being in contact with patients and of their limitations. Patients must voluntarily accept to be subject of the students' training program and informed consent procedures need to be developed.

Manifestaciones clínicas y variabilidad inmunológica en nueve pacientes con síndrome de DiGeorge / Clinical findings and immunologic variability in 9 patients with DiGeorge syndrome

Background: DiGeorge syndrome is characterized by developmental defects of the heart, parathyroid glands and thymus. Aim: To describe the clinical variability of DiGeorge syndrome and its relation with immunodeficiency. Patients and methods: A three years retrospective chart review from three hospitals of Santiago, Chile was conducted. We included patients with neonatal diagnosis of DiGeorge syndrome. Clinical and immuno-logic data were collected from their initial evaluation. Results: We found 9 patients with DiGeorge syndrome. All had dysmorphic facies, hypocalcemia and congenital heart disease. Three patients had hypoparathyroidism, 4 had interrupted aortic arch type B, 4 had tetralogy of Fallot and 1 had coarctation of aorta. Six patients had other malformations and associated diseases. FISH studies, performed in 8 patients, found the 22q11.2 microdeletion in all. Most patients had low CD3, CD4 and CD8 T cell counts, that ranged for CD3 T cells, between 256/mm3 and 3,664/mm3, for CD4 T cells, between 224/mm3 and 2,649/mm3, for CD8 T cells, between 26/mm3 and 942/mm3. Three patients had CD4 T cells counts <400/mm3 and one had a phytohemagglutinin stimulation index <10. Airway malformations and primary hypoparathyroidism were present in 3 out of 4 patients that died before 18 months compared with the surviving patients (p=0.048). Conclusions: We found variable clinical manifestations as well as CD3, CD4 and CD8 T cell counts in patients with DiGeorge syndrome. Airway malformations were associated with a higher mortality (Rev Méd Chile 2004; 132: 26-32).