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1.
Mol Biochem Parasitol ; 137(2): 207-14, 2004 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15383291

ABSTRACT

Protoscolices of the parasitic helminth Echinococcus granulosus contain two malate dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.37), one cytosolic and one mitochondrial. The latter has been separated from the other isoform and purified to protein homogeneity. Sequencing of tryptic peptides by Edman degradation allowed the design of oligonucleotide primers for PCR, leading to the cloning and sequencing of a full length cDNA. The encoding gene is present as a single copy per haploid genome and codes for a protein with high sequence identity (56-58%) with the similar enzymes from mammals, Caenorhabditis elegans and yeast. Active recombinant mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase was expressed in Escherichia coli, as protein fusions with glutathione S-transferase or a poly-His tail. The purified recombinant enzymes had a kinetic behaviour similar to that of the native enzyme, being inhibited by excess of the substrate oxaloacetate and unaffected by excess L-malate. The results indicate that E. granulosus contains two typical eukaryotic malate dehydrogenases, with relative levels quite different from those present in mammalian tissues like heart, in good agreement with the predominantly fermentative metabolism of the protoscolices.


Subject(s)
Echinococcus granulosus/enzymology , Echinococcus granulosus/genetics , Malate Dehydrogenase/genetics , Malate Dehydrogenase/isolation & purification , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Base Sequence , Cloning, Molecular , DNA, Complementary/genetics , DNA, Helminth/genetics , Gene Expression , Genes, Helminth , Kinetics , Malate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Mitochondria/enzymology , Molecular Sequence Data , Recombinant Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
2.
Biol Res ; 37(1): 61-9, 2004.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15174306

ABSTRACT

Proteins rich in sulfhydryl groups, such as metallothionein, are present in several strains of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. Metallothionein-like protein concentrations ranged from 5.1 to 13.2 pmol/mg protein depending on the parasite strain and growth phase. Nifurtimox and benznidazole, used in the treatment of Chagas' disease, decreased metallothionein activity by approximately 70%. T. cruzi metallothionein was induced by ZnCl2. Metallothionein from T. cruzi was partially purified and its monobromobimane derivative showed a molecular weight of approximately 10,000 Da by SDS-PAGE analysis. The concentration of trypanothione, the major glutathione conjugate in T. cruzi, ranged from 3.8 to 10.8 nmol/mg protein, depending on the culture phase. The addition of buthionine sulfoximine to the protozoal culture considerably reduced the concentration of trypanothione and had no effect upon the metallothionein concentration. The possible contribution of metallothionein-like proteins to drug resistance in T. cruzi is discussed.


Subject(s)
Buthionine Sulfoximine/pharmacology , Glutathione/analogs & derivatives , Nifurtimox/pharmacology , Nitroimidazoles/pharmacology , Protozoan Proteins/drug effects , Spermidine/analogs & derivatives , Trypanocidal Agents/pharmacology , Trypanosoma cruzi/drug effects , Animals , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Glutathione/biosynthesis , Glutathione/drug effects , Metallothionein/biosynthesis , Metallothionein/drug effects , Protozoan Proteins/biosynthesis , Spermidine/biosynthesis , Time Factors , Trypanosoma cruzi/metabolism
3.
Biol. Res ; 37(1): 61-69, 2004. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-365980

ABSTRACT

Proteins rich in sulfhydryl groups, such as metallothionein, are present in several strains of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. Metallothionein-like protein concentrations ranged from 5.1 to 13.2 pmol/mg protein depending on the parasite strain and growth phase. Nifurtimox and benznidazole, used in the treatment of Chagas' disease, decreased metallothionein activity by approximately 70%. T. cruzi metallothionein was induced by ZnCl2. Metallothionein from T. cruzi was partially purified and its monobromobimane derivative showed a molecular weight of approximately 10,000 Da by SDS-PAGE analysis. The concentration of trypanothione, the major glutathione conjugate in T. cruzi, ranged from 3.8 to 10.8 nmol/mg protein, depending on the culture phase. The addition of buthionine sulfoximine to the protozoal culture considerably reduced the concentration of trypanothione and had no effect upon the metallothionein concentration. The possible contribution of metallothionein-like proteins to drug resistance in T. cruzi is discussed.


Subject(s)
Animals , Buthionine Sulfoximine , Nifurtimox , Protozoan Proteins , Trypanocidal Agents , Trypanosoma cruzi , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Metallothionein , Time Factors , Trypanosoma cruzi
4.
Biochem Pharmacol ; 65(6): 999-1006, 2003 Mar 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12623132

ABSTRACT

With the aim of determining the actual target(s) of nitro-group bearing compounds considered as possible leads for the development of drugs against Chagas' disease, we studied in parallel nitrofurans and nitroimidazoles. We investigated nine representative compounds for the following properties: efficacy on different Trypanosoma cruzi strains, redox cyclers, inhibition of respiration, production of corresponding nitroso derivatives and intracellular thiol scavengers. Our results indicate that nifurtimox and related compounds act as redox cyclers, whereas the most active in the series, the 5-nitroimidazole megazol essentially acts as thiol scavenger particularly for trypanothione, the cofactor for trypanothione reductase, an essential enzyme in the detoxification process.


Subject(s)
Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology , Glutathione/analogs & derivatives , Nitrofurans/pharmacology , Nitroimidazoles/pharmacology , Spermidine/analogs & derivatives , Trypanosoma cruzi/drug effects , Animals , Glutathione/metabolism , Nitrofurans/chemistry , Nitroimidazoles/chemistry , Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects , Parasitic Sensitivity Tests , Respiration/drug effects , Spermidine/metabolism
5.
Mol Biochem Parasitol ; 124(1-2): 23-36, 2002.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12387847

ABSTRACT

The cDNAs for two casein kinase 1 (CK1) homologues, TcCK1.1 and TcCK1.2, have been isolated from Trypanosoma cruzi. Both isoforms showed strong identity with other known CK1s. Their corresponding genes encode proteins of 312- and 330-amino acid residues with apparent molecular weights of 16 and 37 kDa, respectively. TcCK1.1 is a two-copy gene while TcCK1.2 is tandemly repeated, an arrangement not yet found in any other CK1. TcCK1.1 has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein exhibited properties characteristic of the CK1 family. Northern blot indicated that both TcCK1s are expressed differentially during the life stages of the parasite: the isoform TcCK1.1 shows low levels of mRNA expression in epimastigotes and increased expression in trypomastigotes while TcCK1.2 presents an augmented expression in amastigotes as compared with the other two life stages of the parasite. The CK1-like activity of amastigotes and trypomastigotes is significantly higher than that of epimastigotes and, independent of the life stage of the parasite, a constitutive activity is observed which, in the epimastigote forms, is found predominantly in the microsomal fraction. Also in the epimastigote forms, the CK1-like activity increases in the log phase of growth of the parasites, and, through synchronization studies, this activity has been most conspicuously circumscribed to the S and M phases of the cell cycle.


Subject(s)
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Protein Kinases/metabolism , Trypanosoma cruzi/enzymology , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Casein Kinases , Cloning, Molecular , Isoenzymes/chemistry , Isoenzymes/genetics , Isoenzymes/metabolism , Life Cycle Stages , Molecular Sequence Data , Protein Kinases/chemistry , Protein Kinases/genetics , Recombinant Proteins , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Subcellular Fractions/enzymology , Trypanosoma cruzi/growth & development
8.
Parasitol. día ; 13(1): 4-9, ene.-mar. 1989. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-75693

ABSTRACT

Como trabajos previos de nuestro laboratorio han revelado que los antioxidantes fenólicos BHA (2(3)-terbutil-p-hidroxianisol) y BHT (3,5-diterbutil-p-hidroxitolueno) producen inhibición de la respiración de epimastigotos intactos de Trypanosoma cruzi, se estudió el efecto de estos compuestos sobre el crecimiento de cultivos de dichas células. Se pudo establecer que: ambos antioxidantes fenólicos inhiben el crecimiento de los cultivos al usarse concentraciones mayores de 0,1 mM. El BHT es más efectivo en su acción, ya que a una concentración 1 mM presenta efecto tripanocida; en cambio, a esa concentración BHA solamente inhibe el crecimiento. La acción de dichos compuestos afecta los procesos bioenergéticos del parásito. En aerobiosis, al adicionar glucosa 1% al medio Diamond, tanto BHA como BHT a una concentración de 50 uM inhiben el crecimiento de los cultivos. Tal efecto inhibitorio no ocurre si los cultivos son crecidos solamente en medio Diamond, ni tampoco si se mantienen en anaerobiosis. Otro compuesto antioxidante estudiado fue el ácido ascórbico. Al utilizarlo a una concentración de 1 mM, se produjo aumento del crecimiento de cultivos, por lo cual se puede concluir que los efectos de BHA y del BHT sobre T cruzi obedecen más bien a la estructura química de esos compuestos y no a su capacidad antioxidante. También fueron esayados algunos ésteres del ácido gálico y pudo comprobarse que el efecto sobre el crecimiento de los cultivos depende de su hidrofobicidad: el laurilgalato presenta acción tripanocida, en cambio los ésteres cuya cadena alcohólica es más corta - como propilalato y metilgalato - no alteran el crecimiento de los cultivos. Los resultados obtenidos con BHA y BHT ofrecen posibilidades para la terapia racional de la Enfermedad de Chagas, que deben seguir siendo estudiadas


Subject(s)
In Vitro Techniques , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Trypanosoma cruzi/drug effects , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Chagas Disease/drug therapy
9.
Parasitol. día ; 12(2): 52-6, abr.-jun. 1988. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-58823

ABSTRACT

Se analiza el crecimiento en cultivo de epimastigotos de las cepas Tulahuén, Ypsilón y LQ de trypanosoma cruzi en medio Diamond. Como este medio es pobre en hidratos de carbono y en consideración que una de las primcipales diferencias entre T cruzi y los mamíferos es el proceso de "fermentación aeróbica de la glucosa", se estudió el efecto de agregar glucosa al medio Diamond, en presencia y ausencia de oxígeno. Se pudo establecer que las 4 concentraciones del azúcar utilizadas aumentan el crecimiento de los cultivos en presencia de oxígeno y que tal efecto no se manifestaba en anaerobiosis. En las 3 cepas estudiadas la concentración óptima de glucosa para aumentar el crecimiento fué 0,25% (13,8 mM). Estos resultados indican que el crecimiento de los cultivos de epimastigotos de trypanosoma cruzi es menor en medios pobres en hidratos de carbono, pues este protozoo necesita en forma imprescindible de azúcares como base de su metabolismo energético


Subject(s)
In Vitro Techniques , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purification , Glucose/pharmacology , Oxygen/pharmacology
10.
Arch. biol. med. exp ; 21(1): 93-9, jun. 1988. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-65235

ABSTRACT

El avance en el conocimiento de la bioquímica de parásitos, que ha ocurrido en los años recientes, ha conducido al desarrollo de nuevas drogas y ha permitido entender el modo de acción de muchas de ellas. La acción de algunas drogas tripanosomicidas se debería a la generación de metabolitos que son radicales libres, incluyendo productos de reducción parcial del oxígeno. El T. cruzi es muy susceptible al daño celular producido por estos metabolitos , ya que las enzimas que destruyen las especies activadas de oxigeno en mamíferos tienen muy baja actividad o no existen en el parásito. Drogas en uso, como son el nifurtimox, el benznidazol y el cristal violeta actuarían generando radicales libres. Otro posible sitio de ataque quimioterapéutico en estudio es la biosíntesis del glutatión, el cual participa en la eliminación de radicales libres y en la conjugación y detoxicación de numerosas drogas. También se estudia la manera de interferir con la reducción del glutatión oxidado que en el T. cruzi, a diferencia del huésped, requiere del cofactor tripanotión. Drogas experimentales como el alopurinol y análogos de purinas basan su modo de acción en la incapacidad del parásito de sintetizar purinas de novo y en una relativa baja especificidad de la enzima succino-AMP sintetasa. La cadena respiratoria del parásito también presenta importantes diferencias con la del huésped


Subject(s)
Humans , Gentian Violet/pharmacology , Nifurtimox/pharmacology , Nitroimidazoles , Trypanocidal Agents/pharmacology , Trypanosoma cruzi/drug effects , Allopurinol/metabolism , Free Radicals , Glutathione/physiology , Oxidation-Reduction
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