Viral-specific T-cell transfer from HSCT donor for the treatment of viral infections or diseases after HSCT.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a curative option for treatment of some malignant and non-malignant hematological diseases. However, post-HSCT patients are severely immunocompromised and susceptible to viral infections, which are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although antiviral agents are now available for most types of viral infections, they are not devoid of side effects and their efficacy is limited when there is no concomitant antiviral immune reconstitution. In recent decades, adoptive transfer of viral-specific T cells (VSTs) became an alternative treatment for viral infection after HSCT. However, two major issues are concerned in VST transfer: the risk of GVHD and antiviral efficacy. We report an exhaustive review of the published studies that focus on prophylactic and/or curative therapy by donor VST transfer for post-HSCT common viral infections. A low incidence of GVHD and a good antiviral efficacy was observed after adoptive transfer of VSTs from HSCT donor. Viral-specific T-cell transfer is a promising approach for a broad clinical application. Nevertheless, a randomized controlled study in a large cohort of patients comparing antiviral treatment alone to antiviral treatment combined with VSTs is still needed to demonstrate efficacy and safety.

Stem cells and vascular regenerative medicine: A mini review.

Most human tissues do not regenerate spontaneously, which is why "cell therapy" are promising alternative treatments. The Principe is simple: patients' or donors' cells are collected and introduced into the injured tissues or organs directly or in a porous 3D material, with or without modification of their properties. This concept of regenerative medicine is an emerging field which can be defined as "the way to improve health and quality of life by restoring, maintaining, or enhancing tissue and organ functions".There is an extraordinarily wide range of opportunities for clinical applications: artheropathies, diabetes, cartilage defects, bone repair, burns, livers or bladder regeneration, organs reconstruction (lung, heart, liver ...) neurodegenerative disorders, sepsis ...  Different stem cells (SC) with different potential can be used and characterised (totipotent, mesenchymal of different origins, especially those present in tissues...). Today it is undeniable that cells like bone marrow, adipose tissue or Wharton Jelly stem cells, are of potential interest for clinical applications because they are easily separated and prepared and no ethical problems are involved in their use.In this paper some potential clinical applications in the vascular field are considered: peripheral arteriopathy in diabetic patients, cardiac insufficiency, traitment of erectile dysfunction, or organ regeneration with liver as example. But the regeneration of tissue or organ is and will remain a challenge for the future development of cell therapy. Many problems remain to be solved that could lead to the development of innovative strategies to facilitate cell differentiation, increase the yield of cells and ensure a standardised product, overcome the risks of teratogenic effects and/or immune reactions, enable grafting via direct cell or biotissue transplantation and avoid legal issues involved in national regulations.

Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine: Myth or Reality of the 21th Century.

Since the 1960s and the therapeutic use of hematopoietic stem cells of bone marrow origin, there has been an increasing interest in the study of undifferentiated progenitors that have the ability to proliferate and differentiate into various tissues. Stem cells (SC) with different potency can be isolated and characterised. Despite the promise of embryonic stem cells, in many cases, adult or even fetal stem cells provide a more interesting approach for clinical applications. It is undeniable that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from bone marrow, adipose tissue, or Wharton's Jelly are of potential interest for clinical applications in regenerative medicine because they are easily available without ethical problems for their uses. During the last 10 years, these multipotent cells have generated considerable interest and have particularly been shown to escape to allogeneic immune response and be capable of immunomodulatory activity. These properties may be of a great interest for regenerative medicine. Different clinical applications are under study (cardiac insufficiency, atherosclerosis, stroke, bone and cartilage deterioration, diabetes, urology, liver, ophthalmology, and organ's reconstruction). This review focuses mainly on tissue and organ regeneration using SC and in particular MSC.

Stem cells and applications: a survey.

Since the 1960s and the therapeutic use of hematopoietic stem cells of bone marrow origin, there has been increasing interest in the study of undifferentiated progenitors that have ability to proliferate and differentiate in different tissues. Different stem cells (SC) with different potential can be isolated and characterised. Despite the promise of embryonic stem cells, in many cases, adult stem cells provide a more interesting approach to clinical applications. It is undeniable that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from bone marrow, adipose tissue or MSC of Wharton Jelly, which have limited potential, are of interest for clinical applications in regenerative medicine because they are easily separated and prepared and no ethical problems are involved in their use.During the last 10 years, these multipotent cells have generated considerable interest and in particular have been shown to escape allogeneic immune response and be capable of immunomodulatory activity. These properties may be of a great interest for regenerative medicine. Different clinical applications are under study (cardiac insufficiency, atherosclerosis, stroke, bone, cartilage, diabetes, ophthalmology, urology, liver, organ's reconstruction…).

[Drug permeation through synthetic lipid membranes. Part 10: The effects of diffusion layers on the permeation process (author's transl)]. / Arzneimittelpermeation durch künstliche Lipoidmembranen. 10. Mitteilung: Einfluss von Diffusionsschichten auf den Permeationsprozess.

Two different processes take their courses during the permeation of substances through lipid membranes. The substance must pass across the diffusion layers on the membranes and also across the lipid barrier proper. The effects of these two processes on the permeation vary with the kind of the membrane and of the substance as well as with the diffusion layer thickness which is determined by the intensity of movement. Correlations have been established which permit to calculate diffusion layers, membrane permeation coefficients, and also diffusion coefficients in the diffusion layers. Thus have been provided the prerequisites for the comparison of results obtained on using different model parameters.

[Drug permeation through synthetic lipid membranes. Part 13: The effects of tensides on the permeation of ionized drugs (author's transl)]. / Arzneimittelpermeation durch künstliche Lipoidmembranen. 13. Mitteilung: Einfluss von Tensiden auf die Permeation ionisierter Arzneistoffe.

The permeation of substances present in the ionized form is most markedly affected by tensides containing ions of opposite sign. These tensides produce a considerable increase in permeation. The effect of micelle formation will become evident only if the transport of the free drug through the membrane is more rapid than the release of the drug from the micelles. If the concentrations of nonionic tensides are less than the critical micelle concentration, a permeation increase occurs which is presumably caused by a reduction of the surface tension of the membrane.