ABSTRACT
Previous comprehension studies using Picture Matching Tasks (PMT) have shown that, by the age of four, Spanish-speaking children have acquired the semantics of estar being able to calculate the implicature that a property introduced with estar does not hold independent of time as well as displaying some ability to integrate discourse information about properties that change in the course of a story. This study extends that line of research to children under the age of four. Thirty-eight monolingual Spanish-speaking children were tested in two PMTs. The results show that at age three children differ from older children in their interpretation of the copulas suggesting that the distinction between ser and estar with adjectives emerges between the ages of three and four.
Subject(s)
Language Development Disorders , Language , Adolescent , Child , Comprehension , Humans , Language Tests , SemanticsABSTRACT
En los últimos años ha comenzado a aparecer en la literatura médica y bioética la dicción inglesa "voluntary stopping of eating and drinking". Se trata de una práctica que se propone con la "intención primaria" de anticipar la muerte de una persona que no quiere seguir viviendo, como alternativa a la eutanasia y al suicidio asistido. Algunos autores la presentan como una opción válida tanto desde el punto de vista ético como legal, sosteniendo que no se trata de un suicidio sino de una "muerte natural", en la línea de la limitación de tratamientos. En este artículo presentamos una síntesis de la bibliografía reciente, y una valoración crítica que llega a la conclusión que este tipo de acción difícilmente puede considerarse algo distinto a una modalidad de suicidio. Como consecuencia, el personal sanitario debería considerarla extraña al ethos médico y a la buena praxis clínica
In the last few years, the new catch phrase "voluntary stopping of eating and drinking" has made its appearance in the medical and bioethical literature. The practice, whose "primary intention" is to hasten the death of a person who does not want to continue living, has been proposed as an alternative to euthanasia and assisted suicide. Some authors present it as a valid option from both the ethical and legal point of view arguing that it is basically a "natural death" in the same line as a limitation of treatment and does not involve suicide. In this article we present a critical review of the recent literature and reach the conclusion that it is very difficult to consider this practice as anything other than a type of suicide. In consequence, healthcare workers should consider it alien to medical ethos and good clinical practice
Subject(s)
Humans , Suicide, Assisted/ethics , Starvation/diagnosis , Decision Making , Drinking , Eating , Water Deprivation , Euthanasia, Active, Voluntary/ethicsABSTRACT
In the last few years, the new catch phrase â³voluntary stopping of eating and drinkingâ³ has made its appearance in the medical and bioethical literature. The practice, whose â³primary intentionâ³ is to hasten the death of a person who does not want to continue living, has been proposed as an alternative to euthanasia and assisted suicide. Some authors present it as a valid option from both the ethical and legal point of view arguing that it is basically a â³natural deathâ³ in the same line as a limitation of treatment and does not involve suicide. In this article we present a critical review of the recent literature and reach the conclusion that it is very difficult to consider this practice as anything other than a type of suicide. In consequence, healthcare workers should consider it alien to medical ethos and good clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Suicide, Assisted , Drinking , Eating , Humans , Suicide, Assisted/ethics , Suicide, Assisted/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
In public health ethics, as in bioethics, utilitarian approaches usually prevail, followed by Kantian and communitarian foundations. If one considers the nature and core functions of public health, which are focused on a population perspective, utilitarianism seems still more applicable to public health ethics. Nevertheless, faulting additional protections towards the human person, utilitarianism doesn't offer appropriate solutions when conflicts among values do arise. Further criteria must be applied to protect the fundamental principles of respect for human life. Personalism offers similar advantages to utilitarianism but warrants more protection to the human person. We suggest a possible adaptation of personalism in the specific field of public health by means of four principles: absolute respect for life or principle of inviolability; subsidiarity and the "minimum" mandatory principle; solidarity; justice and non discrimination.
Subject(s)
Personhood , Public Health/ethics , Bioethical Issues , HumansABSTRACT
El uso de células madre (stem cells) en, medicina tiene actualmente una importancia notable, sobre todo en el ámbito de los tumores hemáticos, la cual está llamada a aumentar en los próximos años. Son muchas las patologías que en estos momentos no tienen una terapia eficaz (diabetes, Alzheimer, Parkinson...), y que podrían beneficiarse del uso de este tipo de células. La investigación en este campo no puede tener más que una valoración positiva desde el punto de vista ético, siempre que respete la vida humana desde su comienzo. Este artículo intenta mostrar cómo la extracción de células madre del embrión humano, con su consiguiente destrucción, no es un camino adecuado para esta investigación, y que se puede acudir a otras fuentes celulares que no presentan ningún inconveniente ético.
