[The addictive model of obesity: psychoneurobiological relationships]. / Az elhízás addiktív modellje: pszichoneurobiológiai összefüggések.

Among the various etiological theories (e.g., psychosomatic stress) the addictive model of obesity has also been described. Those suffering from eating disorders triggered by emotional causes (in consequence of the reward system) tend to grab a snack mostly out of happiness. The aim of the present study was to examine the addictive model of obesity so that the relationships identified here could help provide more accurate treatments to those suffering from being overweight. This study identifies the anatomical, neurobiological and psychic relationships between the etiological factors from the aspect of the addictive model of obesity so that further logical relationships could be confirmed based on the conclusions drawn here. Another system participating in energy homeostasis besides the rewarding or dopamine controlling circles is the hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. The effects and efficiency of these systems can be modified by different biological factors and molecules. By exploring these neurobiochemical processes it may become understandable why someone who is not hungry will eat and have a tendency to overeat while others will not and why someone is unable to lose weight permanently without relapse. Therefore in the light of the findings further opportunities for intervention and treatment could be identified (with drugs or by psychotherapy) which would allow us to develop more sophisticated and tailor-made therapeutic solutions for the clinical picture of obesity as well. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(27): 1095-1102.

[Dieting pitfalls - psychological factors]. / A fogyókúrák buktatói ­ pszichés tényezok.

INTRODUCTION: Eating is one of the fundamental sources of happiness. Slimming diets would deprive you of this very enjoyment without granting something else instead, for example, proper eating behaviours for life or a permanent solution for overweight-related problems. AIM: This paper aims to investigate the psycho-dynamic relationships that might be the reason for the failure of all diets and slimming diets. METHOD: Analysing overweight, obesity and the failure of slimming diets with the help of the cognitive behavioral therapeutic approach. RESULTS: By applying the principles confirmed and laid down by the cognitive behavioral therapy, we can identify specific ethological causes present in dieting and gaining weight behaviours that can successfully be used in curative symptom and problem oriented psychotherapy. CONCLUSION: In summary it can be stated that it is advised to approach the defined objective slowly, in small steps. With the help of learning methods and the continual transformation of the environment, obese individuals, having shred their own unwanted behavioral attitudes, can not only build up new attitudes and transform them into new desirable habits but will also have their personalities chiselled. Orv. Hetil., 2017, 158(13), 499-507.

Aortic Elastic Properties in Preschool Children Born Preterm.

OBJECTIVE: Preterm birth predisposes children to the development of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. The aim of this study was to characterize elastic properties of the aorta at preschool age and test the hypothesis that prematurity is associated with decreased aortic distensibility and increased stiffness, both of which are predictors of increased cardiovascular risk. APPROACH AND RESULTS: In an observational study of 76 five- to seven-year-old children born at a gestational age <32 weeks and 79 term-born controls, elastic parameters of the ascending and descending abdominal aorta were determined noninvasively by means of M mode echocardiographic tracings and calculated using computerized wall contour analysis. Compared with children born at term, the preterm group showed significantly reduced distensibility and increased stiffness of the descending abdominal aorta. These results remained significant under multivariable adjustment for birth weight z score, maternal smoking in pregnancy, maternal education, family history of cardiovascular disease, breastfeeding, childhood nutrition, and current body mass index z score (multivariable odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals 5.1, 1.7-15.9; P=0.005 and 2.8, 1.0-7.9; P=0.046, respectively). Further adjustment for intravenous lipid therapy attenuated the strength of association. Elastic properties of the ascending aorta did not differ between the 2 study groups. CONCLUSIONS: Children born preterm are characterized by decreased elastic properties of the descending abdominal aorta potentially attributable to impaired viscoelastic properties of and lipid damage to the aorta. Clinical follow-up of preterm infants with a focus on aortic elastic properties may be useful for tailoring early prevention programs and counteracting cardiovascular risk in adulthood.

[Political psychology]. / Politikai pszichológia.

In Hungary one can mostly find references to the psychological processes of politics in the writings of publicists, public opinion pollsters, philosophers, social psychologists, and political analysts. It would be still important if not only legal scientists focusing on political institutions or sociologist-politologists concentrating on social structures could analyse the psychological aspects of political processes; but one could also do so through the application of the methods of political psychology. The authors review the history of political psychology, its position vis-à-vis other fields of science and the essential interfaces through which this field of science, which is still to be discovered in Hungary, connects to other social sciences. As far as its methodology comprising psycho-biographical analyses, questionnaire-based queries, cognitive mapping of interviews and statements are concerned, it is identical with the psychiatric tools of medical sciences. In the next part of this paper, the focus is shifted to the essence and contents of political psychology. Group dynamics properties, voters' attitudes, leaders' personalities and the behavioural patterns demonstrated by them in different political situations, authoritativeness, games, and charisma are all essential components of political psychology, which mostly analyses psychological-psychiatric processes and also involves medical sciences by relying on cognitive and behavioural sciences. This paper describes political psychology, which is basically part of social sciences, still, being an interdisciplinary science, has several ties to medical sciences through psychological and psychiatric aspects.

[Stomatologic complications of eating disorders]. / A pszichoszomatikus evészavarok sztomatológiai szövodményei.

Since the 1990s numerous international experts have reported about the somatic complications of eating disorders including those having a dental and stomatological nature. Several reports emphasised that deformations in the oral cavity resulting from this grave nutritional disease typical of the young generation could already appear in the early stage and, therefore, dentists are among the first to diagnose them. Dentists are still often unaware of the importance of their role in multidisciplinary treatment. Even if they knew what the disease was about and recognised it on the basis of deformations in the oral cavity in time, their advice that their patients should brush their teeth more often would fail to eliminate the root cause of the problem. Not only the earliest possible treatment of the complications of the bingeing-purging mechanism and the maintenance of oral hygiene are important, but controlling and curing pathological habits with active participation of psychiatrists are also required to ensure full recovery. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of the disease, manifold communication is required. For this reason, publishing the dental ramifications of organic and systemic diseases at dental conferences and in technical journals, as well as providing information about oral complications of eating disorders for general practitioners and specialists are particularly important.

[False victimization syndrome]. / Pszeudoviktimológia.

Criminology and criminal-psychology are sciences dealing mostly with the personality of the criminals as well as the interconnections of crime and deviance. The other player of the crimes - the victim - has recently come into focus posing the question why and how somebody is becoming a victim, and what effect can the victim have when the crime is being committed. The first international publications appeared at the beginning of the third millennium on so-called victims who are convinced to suffer from material, moral or other damages and, accordingly, who would pursue "justice" at any rate. They often appeal against decisions. Considering these facts the procedures are rather thorough and circumspect. A significant part of the law-enforcement staff is heavily involved for long periods. On the other side there is the person considered criminal being actually the real victim. These people are getting alienated from the society because of their reckoned deeds and, because of the distorting influence of the media they are condemned morally. The present study describes the syndromes of fake-victim, their occurrence as well as psychiatric considerations, social appearance and impact. The authors are drawing attention to the existence and significance of this medical-legal problem.

[The psychological factors affecting athletic performance]. / A sportteljesítményre ható pszichés tényezok.

The physical and mental health complex is claimed as achievement of the XXI. century, whereby also among the sportsmen and sportswomen, beside the somatic medicine, growing attention is devoted to the psyche as well. The sports psychiatry was dragged in and put into service to enhance performance after all biological weapons run out of ammunition, and the long-awaited results still failed to come about. Moreover, despite the energy increasingly invested it was going from bad to worse. Among athletes many psychiatric disorders call attention, either by the high prevalence or by the development of a specific syndrome. Symptoms of depression (depression after the competition, depression following the failure at the competition), chronic stress, anxiety, fatigue syndrome of overtraining, enervation, sleep disturbances, eating problems, burnout, eating disorders (anorexia athletics, athlete triad), personality factors and the chemical addiction are all extremely important. The present study is the first to summarize the most crucial psychiatric disorders that may have great significance in the athlete population, in varying degrees according to the individual sports.

[The cognitive-behavioral aspects of the personality of politicians]. / A politikus személyiségének gondolkodási és magatartási vonatkozásai.

At the research of the personality of politicians, the task is not psychopathology and thereby the diagnose of a certain illness, but the identification of those features, characteristic marks and the examination of those cognitive functions, attitudes that might affect the ability to lead, might influence the managerial and negotiating style as well as the decisions made during an eventual crisis. Basically, there are two approaches considering the role of personality in politics. The first one regards political events as a projection of the personality of the leading politician; the other one denies entirely the significance of the personality. With reference to the first school, the aim of the present essay is, from among the examinations of the personality of the politician by indirect and direct methods, the determination of the cognitive and behavioral marks connected to the last method. Among the indirect examinations are the analysis of speeches and interviews (psycholinguistics), the reflection of the metacommunicative marks and the psychological elaboration of biographical data (psychobiography). The character of the leading politician is important with respect to image building, campaign work and party competition, "survival".

[The first epidemiologic survey among Hungarian elite athletes: eating disorders, depression and risk factors]. / Az elso epidemiológiai felmérés a magyar élsportolók körében: evészavarok, depresszió és egyéb rizikótényezok.

UNLABELLED: It is a fact that the incidence rate of anorexia nervosa is high among athletes who are considered a high-risk population in terms of eating disorders, and it is known as anorexia athletica by specialised literature. Our goal is to assess the prevalence of eating disorders among leading Hungarian athletes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Before the 2008 Olympics we conducted questionnaire surveys in several Hungarian training camps: demographic and training data, anorexia nervosa inventory for self-rating (ANIS) and the bulimia investigation test, Edinburgh (BITE). We processed the data with the application of the SPSS software package. RESULTS: The average age was 22+/-4.9 years in the different sports (canoeing, pentathlon, handball, basketball, volleyball, weight-lifting). Average body mass index (22.15+/-2.12 kg/m2 ) was in the normal range. Prevalence of clinical anorexia nervosa was 12 (16.7%) and clinical bulimia nervosa was 5 (6.9%). The incidence rate of at least one pathological symptom was 73.6% with regard to the whole population. The prevalence of the depression episode was 37.5% by the current population. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of eating disorders among athletes was remarkably higher compared to the average population which, however, correlates with the international data. Our outcomes encourage further detailed researches.

[Charisma]. / A karizma.

In the beginning magicians, wise judges and war heroes with superhuman abilities and magic powers used to be considered as charismatic. As science holds today, charisma is partly an inborn faculty, an element belonging to personality, but not a personality type itself. It is comprised of various components (expressivity, dominance, emotional intelligence, puritanism). The positive inner content and scale of values of any charismatic person set a blueprint for his or her followers. This interaction is characterised by mutual and continuous dynamism: at its end points there are the relationships between personality factors and the environment which may be given differing emphases in different theories. Charisma cannot be inherited or learnt as such. Power and wealth are its secondary attributes, these are by no means primary motives. The authors intended this study to fill a gap in the given topic and take us closer to the essence of charisma.

[Personality of a politician]. / A politikus személyisége.

UNLABELLED: The present study points to some fundamental connections summarizing the international literature on the personality and intellect of politicians and adapting it to local/home conditions. AIM/OBJECTIVE: The objective is to complete Hungarian knowledge/competence as well as defining new pieces of information and connections on the basis of which further examinations and surveys can be executed. METHOD: Having collected research material for nearly a year, authors have drawn from several publications, books, dissertations, papers and lectures. RESULTS: Theory and investigations of some excellent scientists are reviewed in this essay. The 14 political personality dimensions are analysed and classified according to the factors formed by the authors, which correlated with stylistic factors. CONCLUSIONS: In accordance with the authors, sociologists and psychiatrists have drawn the conclusion that the personality of a politician is determinant in politics as well as in the performance of political leaders. Also, personality correlates with attitude and behaviour.

[Eating disorders in sports--sport in eating disorders]. / Evészavarok a sportban--sport az evészavarokban.

OBJECTIVE: The current study presents one of the underprivileged populations of the national epidemiological scientific literature by the eating disorders. THE PURPOSE OF STUDY: Based on a review of selected publications over the past 10 years, the author summarizes definitions of the anorexia athletica and the female athlete triad. METHODS: Analysis of the international epidemiological data. RESULTS: The base definitions were more exact: the symptoms of anorexia athletica became differentiated, and the data of epidemiological studies were standing between smaller ranges. The "athlete triad" concept has got a new interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: The strong correlation of eating disorders with excessive physical activity and sport underlines the significant role of the weight loss method among diagnostical criteria of eating disorders. Among sportsmen, eating disorders have a higher prevalence (23-25%).

Eating disorders from a gynecologic and endocrinologic view: hormonal changes.

Infertile women with clinical and subclinical bulimia nervosa have pathologically low FSH and LH levels, suggesting that improper nutrition has an important role in hormonal dysfunction.

[Employment and effectiveness of the BITE questionnaire in screening for eating disorders]. / A BITE kérdóív használata/hasznossága az evészavarok szúróvizsgálatában.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of study was to describe a new briet questionnaire, the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE), for detection of binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. METHOD: Description of the BITE test which was developed by Henderson and Freeman in 1987. The scale measures of both symptoms and severity by the eating disorders. RESULTS: Data from some Hungarian studies demonstrate satisfactory reliability and validity. The BITE test is well suited in the national circumstance to demonstrated the control lost status with binges and the predisposition to bulimia nervosa. The test alone it isn't enough to diagnose of binge eating disorders and bulimia nervosa. The test is well sensitive to measure the effectiveness of the therapy and the changes of symptoms. CONCLUSION: All items of BITE test are covered the diagnostic criteria by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of bulimia nervosa. The BITE can be as a screening method for binge eating disorder in obese patients too.

[Gynecologic and endocrinologic sequelae of bulimia--hormonal changes]. / A bulimia nógyógyászati és endokrinológiai következményei--hormonális eltérések.

INTRODUCTION: Gynecological problems are one of the most frequent somatic complications of eating disorders. AIMS: The purpose of the present study was to assess the role of improper eating habits causing menstrual disturbances, anovulation and related hormonal changes. Latent bulimia nervosa is in the focus of attention since amenorrhea is considered as a diagnostic criterion of anorexia nervosa. METHOD: Subjects of the BITE (Bulimia Investigation Test, Edinburgh) test were infertile patients (n = 34) of the gynecological outpatient departments after medical examination, blood-test (LH, FSH, androstenedione, DHEAS, progesterone, testosterone, SHBG, prolactin) and ultrasonic examination (uterus and ovaries). RESULTS: Symptoms and severity subscales of the BITE test and body mass index (BMI) were close correlation (p = 0.003, p = 0.033). In comparison with previous results, EDNOS (Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified) prevalence was 48%. Of hormonal changes, low LH and FSH levels (6/6) and hyperandrogenism (5/6) were significant in patients with subclinical eating disorders (n = 6) by infertile women as compared with the "normal" infertile group (n = 18; 7/18, 8/18). CONCLUSION: The recent results suggests that unsatisfactory nutrition (bulimic binges, "crash diet") is as relevant in hormonal dysfunction, menstrual disturbances and infertility as pathologically low weight in anorexia nervosa. Excessive application of contraceptives in therapy has to be taken into consideration.

[Gynecologic and obstetric complications in eating disorders]. / Nógyógyászati és szülészeti komplikációk evészavarokban.

OBJECTIVE: This report summarizes recent clinically relevant findings concerning gynecological psychosomatic symptoms of eating disorders the implications for psychiatric diagnosis and management. METHOD: The author conducted selective reviews of the literature from the last 15 years. RESULTS: Malnutrition, low body weight are also an important cause of anovulation and amenorrhoea. Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa are associated with potential negative consequences during pregnancy, including higher rates of miscarriage, low birth weight, obstetric complications and post partum depression. CONCLUSION: The most suitable treatment for infertility secondary to weight related amenorrhoea or anovulation is therefore dietary rather than induction of anovulation. This highlights the importance of early detection and treatment by primary care teams. There is a need to develop preventive intervention strategies.