Lessons learned from an osteoporosis clinical trial in frail long-term care residents.

BACKGROUND: Although osteoporosis affects women of all ages, the impact is most pronounced in frail residents in long-term care. Nevertheless, few interventional trials have been performed in this population, and few data on therapeutic alternatives are available in this cohort. PURPOSE: We describe the challenges and lessons learned in developing and carrying out a trial in frail long-term-care residents. METHODS: The Zoledronic acid in frail Elders to STrengthen bone (ZEST) study was designed to examine the safety and efficacy of a single-dose therapy for osteoporosis in frail residents in long-term care in the Pittsburgh area. Women with osteoporosis who were 65 years of age and older and currently not on therapy were randomized in a blinded fashion to intravenous zoledronic acid or placebo. Follow-up of each participant was planned for 2 years. All participants received appropriate calcium and vitamin D supplementation. RESULTS: Seven hundred and thirty-three contacts were made with long-term care residents of nine participating facilities. Of 252 women screened, 181 were eligible, enrolled, and randomized. Multiple barriers to research in long-term-care facilities were encountered but overcome with direct communication, information sessions, in-service trainings, and social events. Lessons learned included designing the study in a manner that avoided placing an additional burden on an already overcommitted facility staff, a two-stage consent process to separate screening from randomization, and a flexible examination schedule to accommodate residents while obtaining the necessary outcome measurements. Furthermore, a mobile unit accessible to participants containing state-of-the-art dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), assessment for vertebral fractures, and phlebotomy equipment allows all assessments to be performed on-site at each facility. Serious adverse events are collected from affiliated hospitals in real time with a novel electronic surveillance system. LIMITATIONS: The major limitation is selection of outcomes that can be assessed at participating facilities and do not require transport of participants to hospitals or clinics. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical research for osteoporosis can be successfully and safely performed with frail residents in long-term care facilities. Lessons learned from this study may inform future investigations among frail elderly residents of these facilities.

Expression of the Cell Adhesion Molecule CD44 in Human Lung Tumors and Cell Lines.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of the cell adhesion molecule CD44 in normal lung, primary and metastatic lung tumors, and cell lines derived from primary lung carcinomas. Methods and Results: A total of 68 lung specimens including normal tissue and primary and metastatic tumors, as well as 28 cell lines cultured from primary lung tumors with high recurrence, were examined for CD44 expression by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Variant exon expression was confirmed by Southern blotting and hybridization of particular samples. In tumor tissues, loss of CD44 variant expression correlated with increasing tumor stage; a smaller percentage of more aggressive and poorly differentiated tumors expressed CD44v. Tumors metastatic to the lung were negative for CD44 variant expression. In primary lung cell lines, as in tumor tissue, tumors of higher histologic grade were characterized by loss of CD44 variant expression. Conclusion: CD44 isoform expression in normal lung and tumor tissues and cell lines revealed an overall decrease in CD44 alternative splicing in lung neoplasms of increased malignancy.