Serotype distribution, clinical characteristics, and antimicrobial resistance of pediatric invasive pneumococcal disease in Colombia during PCV10 mass vaccination (2017-2022).

Introduction: Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD) causes significant morbidity and mortality in children under 5 y. Colombia introduced PCV10 vaccination in 2012, and the Neumocolombia network has been monitoring IPD in pediatric patients since 2008. Materials and methods: This study is a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort involving pediatric patients with IPD admitted to 17 hospitals in Colombia, from January 1st, 2017, to December 31st, 2022. We present data on serotypes (Spn), clinical characteristics, and resistance patterns. Results: We report 530 patients, 215 (40.5%) were younger than 24 months. Among these, 344 cases (64.7%) presented with pneumonia, 95 (17.9%) with primary bacteremia, 53 (10%) with meningitis, 6 (1.1%) had pneumonia and meningitis, and 32 (6%) had other IPD diagnosis. The median hospital stay was 12 days (RIQ 8-14 days), and 268 (50.6%) were admitted to the ICU, of whom 60 (11.3%) died. Serotyping was performed in 298 (56.1%). The most frequent serotypes were Spn19A (51.3%), Spn6C (7.7%), Spn3 (6.7%), Spn6A (3.6%), and Spn14 (3.6%). Of 495 (93%) isolates with known susceptibility, 46 (9.2%) were meningeal (M) and 449 (90.7%) non-meningeal (NM). Among M isolates, 41.3% showed resistance to penicillin, and 21.7% decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone. For NM isolates, 28.2% had decreased susceptibility to penicilin, and 24.2% decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone. Spn19A showed the highest resistant to penicillin at 47% and was linked to multiresistance. Conclusion: The prevalence of PCV10-included serotypes decreased, while serotypes 19A and 6C increased, with Spn19A being associated with multiresistance. These findings had played a crucial role in the decision made by Colombia to modify its immunization schedule by switching to PCV13 in July 2022.

Intracardiac echocardiography guided anatomical ablation of the arcuate ridge for drug refractory inappropriate sinus tachycardia.

INTRODUCTION: Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is a common condition with frequently not tolerated beta-blockers or ivabradine and a high rate of complication in ablation strategy; we describe an alternative anatomical approach of sinus node (SN) modulation. METHODS: This retrospective study describes a case series of 6 patients from two centers diagnosed with symptomatic IST undergoing SN ablation. RESULTS: The mean age was 40.6 ± 13.9 years; five of the six patients were female, 100% of patients reported heart palpitations, and 66% reported dizziness, the average heart rate (HR) on a 24-h Holter was 93.2 ± 7.9 bpm. HR during the first stage of a stress test using a standard Bruce protocol was 150 ± 70 bpm, The average HR on 24-h Holter postablation was 75 ± 5.6 bpm, the sinus rate HR during stage 1 of a Bruce protocol exercise stress test was 120 ± 10 bpm. CONCLUSION: This is the first case series reporting the acute and long-term results of a novel anatomical approach for SN modulation to treat IST targeting the arcuate ridge (AR) under intracardiac echography (ICE) guidance. The novel anatomic ICE-guided catheter ablation approach aimed to identify the earliest activation at the AR with an extension of RF lesions toward its septal region seems effective and safe to modulate the SN in symptomatic patients with IST refractory to medical treatment.

Establishment of a Latin American dataset to enable the construction of gestational weight gain charts for adolescents.

Gestational weight gain is an important indicator for monitoring nutritional status during pregnancy. However, there are no gestational weight gain references created for adolescents or national datasets to enable the construction of such graphs up to date. This manuscript aims to describe the creation of a Latin American dataset to construct gestational weight gain references for adolescents aged 10-19 years old. Gestational weight gain data from studies conducted in nine countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay) collected between 2003 and 2021 were harmonized. Data on height, weight, and gestational age in at least two gestational trimesters were included. Pregnant adolescents should be free of diseases that could affect weight, and newborns should weigh between 2,500-4,000 g and be free of congenital malformations. The final dataset included 6,414 individuals after data cleaning. Heterogeneity between the countries was assessed by calculating standardized site differences for GWG and z scores of height-for-age. Several imputation procedures were tested, and approximately 10% of the first-trimester weights were imputed. The prevalence of individuals with underweight (1.5%) and obesity (5.3%) was low, which may lead to problems when modeling the curves for such BMI categories. Maternal height and gestational weight gain did not show significant differences by country, according to the standardized site differences. A harmonized dataset of nine countries with imputed data in the first trimester of pregnancy was prepared to construct Latin American gestational weight gain curves for adolescents.

Gestational weight gain charts for Latin American adolescents.

Monitoring gestational weight gain (GWG) throughout pregnancy among adolescents is important for detecting individuals at risk and timely intervention. However, there are no specific tools or guidelines for GWG monitoring of this group. We aimed to construct GWG charts for pregnant adolescents (10-19 years old) according to pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) using a pooled dataset from nine Latin American countries. Datasets from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay collected between 2003 and 2021 were combined after data cleaning and harmonization. Adolescents free of diseases that could affect GWG and who gave birth to newborns weighing between 2,500-4,000 g and free of congenital malformations were included. Multiple imputation techniques were applied to increase the sample size available for underweight and obesity categories. Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape were used to construct the charts of GWG according to gestational age. Internal and external validation procedures were performed to ensure that models were not over-adjusted to the data. The cohort included 6,414 individuals and 29,414 measurements to construct the charts and 1,684 individuals and 8,879 measurements for external validation. The medians (and interquartile ranges) for GWG at 40 weeks according to pre-pregnancy BMI were: underweight, 14.9 (11.9-18.6); normal weight, 14.0 (10.6-17.7); overweight, 11.6 (7.7-15.6); obesity, 10.6 kg (6.7-14.3). Internal and external validation showed that the percentages above/below selected percentiles were close to those expected, except for underweight adolescents. These charts describe the GWG throughout pregnancy among Latin American adolescents and represent a significant contribution to the prenatal care of this group. GWG cut-offs based on values associated with lower risks of unfavorable outcomes for the mother-child binomial should be determined before implementing the charts in clinical practice.

Correlation of body mass index and waist to height ratio with cardiovascular risk factors in Colombian preschool and school children.

Objective: To analyze the agreement between body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height Ratio (WHtR) to identify preschool and school children with cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs). Methods: Three-hundred-twenty-one kids were divided into preschool (3-5 years) and school children (6-10 years). BMI was used to classify children as overweight or obese. Abdominal obesity was defined with a WHtR ≥0.50. Fasting blood lipids, glucose and insulin were measured, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The presence of CRFs and multiple non-waist circumference (non-WC) metabolic syndrome factors (MetS-Factors) [high HOMA-IR, high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)] were analyzed. Results: One-hundred-twelve preschool and 209 school children were evaluated. WHtR ≥0.50 classified abdominal obesity in more than half of the preschool children, exceeding those classified with overweight+obesity by BMI (59.5% vs. 9.8%; p<0.001). There was no agreement between WHtR and BMI to identify preschool kids with CRFs and multiple non-WC MetS-Factors (kappa: 0.0 to 0.23, p>0.05). There were similar proportions of school children classified with abdominal obesity by the WHtR and overweight+obesity by the BMI (18.7% vs. 24.9%; p>0.05). There was substantial agreement between WHtR and BMI to identify school children with high total cholesterol values, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, non-HDL-C, insulin, HOMA-IR, low HDL-C values, and the presence of multiple non-WC MetS-Factors (kappa: 0.616 to 0.857, p<0.001). Conclusion: In preschool children WHtR ≥0.5 disagree with BMI results, but in school kids, it has good agreement with the BMI to classify the children´s nutritional status and to identify those with CRFs.

Objetivo: Analizar el grado de acuerdo entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la relación/cintura estatura (rCE) para identificar niños con factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRC). Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico con 112 niños preescolares (3-5 años) y 209 escolares (6-10 años). El sobrepeso y la obesidad se clasificaron con el IMC y la obesidad abdominal con la rCE ≥0.50. Se tomaron muestras sanguíneas en ayuno para análisis de glucosa, insulina, lípidos y cálculo del índice HOMA-IR. Se analizó la presencia de FRC y de múltiples factores del síndrome metabólico (Factores-SinMet) diferentes a la cintura [HOMA-IR elevado, triglicéridos elevados y colesterol de alta densidad (HDL-C) bajo]. Resultados: rCE ≥0.50 clasificó con obesidad abdominal a más de la mitad de los niños preescolares, excediendo el número de niños clasificados con sobrepeso+obesidad por IMC (59.5% vs 9.8%; p<0.001). No hubo acuerdo entre el IMC y la rCE para identificar niños preescolares con FRC o múltiples Factores-SinMet diferentes a la cintura (kappa: 0.0 a 0.23, p>0.05). Fueron similares las proporciones de niños escolares clasificados con obesidad abdominal por la rCE o con sobrepeso+obesidad por el IMC (18.7% vs. 24.9%; p>0.05). Hubo acuerdo sustancial entre la rCE y el IMC para identificar niños escolares con valores elevados de colesterol total, colesterol de baja densidad, triglicéridos, colesterol no-HDL, insulina, HOMA-IR, valores bajos de HDL-C y la presencia de múltiples Factores-SinMet diferentes a la cintura (kappa: 0.616 a 0.857, p<0.001). Conclusión: En niños preescolares la aplicación de rCE ≥0.5 no presenta acuerdo con el IMC, pero en escolares presenta un acuerdo sustancial con el IMC en la clasificación del estado nutricional y en la identificación de niños con FRC.

Inorganic phosphate exporter heterozygosity in mice leads to brain vascular calcification, microangiopathy, and microgliosis.

Calcification of the cerebral microvessels in the basal ganglia in the absence of systemic calcium and phosphate imbalance is a hallmark of primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), a rare neurodegenerative disorder. Mutation in genes encoding for sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2 (SLC20A2), xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1), platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB), myogenesis regulating glycosidase (MYORG), and junctional adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2) are known to cause PFBC. Loss-of-function mutations in XPR1, the only known inorganic phosphate exporter in metazoans, causing dominantly inherited PFBC was first reported in 2015 but until now no studies in the brain have addressed whether loss of one functional allele leads to pathological alterations in mice, a commonly used organism to model human diseases. Here we show that mice heterozygous for Xpr1 (Xpr1WT/lacZ ) present with reduced inorganic phosphate levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and age- and sex-dependent growth of vascular calcifications in the thalamus. Vascular calcifications are surrounded by vascular basement membrane and are located at arterioles in the smooth muscle layer. Similar to previously characterized PFBC mouse models, vascular calcifications in Xpr1WT/lacZ mice contain bone matrix proteins and are surrounded by reactive astrocytes and microglia. However, microglial activation is not confined to calcified vessels but shows a widespread presence. In addition to vascular calcifications, we observed vessel tortuosity and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed microangiopathy-endothelial swelling, phenotypic alterations in vascular smooth muscle cells, and thickening of the basement membrane.

Correspondence between the Energy Equipartition Theorem in Classical Mechanics and Its Phase-Space Formulation in Quantum Mechanics.

In classical physics, there is a well-known theorem in which it is established that the energy per degree of freedom is the same. However, in quantum mechanics, due to the non-commutativity of some pairs of observables and the possibility of having non-Markovian dynamics, the energy is not equally distributed. We propose a correspondence between what is known as the classical energy equipartition theorem and its counterpart in the phase-space formulation in quantum mechanics based on the Wigner representation. Further, we show that in the high-temperature regime, the classical result is recovered.

Malnutrición asociada con factores sociodemográficos en adultos mayores de Medellín (Colombia) / Malnutrition Associated with Sociodemographic Factors in Older Adults in Medellin, Colombia / Má nutrição associada a fatores sociodemográficos em idosos em Medellín-Colômbia

Introducción: los adultos mayores (AM) presentan riesgo de malnutrición (exceso o déficit de peso) debido a cambios fisiológicos, alimentarios, psicológicos y sociales derivados del envejecimiento. Objetivo: estimar la frecuencia de malnutrición por antropometría y el Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) en AM de Medellín (Colombia) y explorar su asociación con factores sociodemográficos. Materiales y métodos: estudio trans- versal con 1187 adultos ≥60 años, derivado del proyecto Propuesta técnica para el desarrollo del perfil de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional 2015, realizado en hogares de zona urbana y rural. Se tomaron como variables independientes las sociodemográficas, y como dependientes, las antropométricas y el MNA. La asociación entre malnutrición y variables sociodemográficas se determinó por modelos de regresión logística binaria y multinomial. Resultados: 65.2 % fueron mujeres, la edad promedio fue 70.0 ± 8.0 años; 61.5 % de estrato socioeconómico bajo, 65.9 % con nivel educativo primaria o inferior. Según el índice de masa corporal, 57.6 % presentó malnutrición, 20.8 % déficit de peso y 36.8 % exceso de peso. Según el MNA, 41.4 % tenía riesgo de desnutrición, y 5.4 %, desnutrición. Ambas condiciones se presentaron con mayor frecuencia en mujeres (OR = 2.0; IC95 %: 1.5-2.6), edades ≥75 años (OR = 1.7; IC95 %: 1.2-2.4), estrato socioeconómico bajo (OR = 3.2; IC95 %: 1.5-6.8), del área rural (OR = 1.7; IC95 %: 1.1-2.5), con estudios de primaria (OR = 2.1; IC95 %: 1.1-4.4) o sin educación (OR = 3.4; IC95 %: 1.5-7.5). Conclusión: la malnutrición en AM de Medellín es elevada y constituye un problema de salud pública, más frecuente en mujeres, edades avanzadas, zonas rurales, estratos socioeconómicos bajos y niveles educativos inferiores; condiciones que deben tenerse en cuenta para la implementación de políticas públicas

Introduction: Older adults (OA) are at risk of malnutrition (overnutrition or undernutrition) due to physio- logical, feeding, psychological, and social changes associated with aging. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of malnutrition using anthropometry and the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) among OA in Medellin, Colombia, and explore the association of malnutrition with sociodemographic factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study derived from the Technical Proposal for the Development of the Food and Nutrition Security Profile, 2015 was performed with 1187 adults aged ≥60 years old among urban and rural households. The sociodemographic characteristics were considered as independent variables, and anthropometric and MNA data were defined as dependent variables. To establish the association between malnutrition and sociodemographic variables, binary and multinomial logistic regression models were used. Results: The average age of the participants was 70.0 ± 8.0 years old; 65.2% were women; 61.5% were of low socioeconomic status; and 65.9% attained primary education or lower. Based on body mass index, 57.6% had malnutrition, 20.8% were undernutrition, and 36.8% were overweight/obese. According to the MNA, 5.4% had malnutrition, while 41.4% were at risk of malnutrition. Both conditions occurred more frequently in women (OR = 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5­2.6), aged ≥75 years old (OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2­2.4), with low socioeconomic status (OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.5­6.8), from rural areas (OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.1­2.5), with primary education (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1­4.4) or no education (OR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.5­7.5). Conclusion: Malnutrition among OA in Medellin, Colombia, is high, especially among women living in rural areas with low socioeconomic status and education level. The study findings indicate a public health problem. These conditions must be considered in the implementation of public policies

Introdução: os idosos (AM de adultos mayores) estão sob risco de má nutrição (excesso de peso ou desnu- trição) devido às alterações fisiológicas, dietéticas, psicológicas e sociais decorrentes do envelhecimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a frequência de má nutrição por antropometria e pelo Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) em AM de Medellín-Colômbia e explorar sua associação com fatores sociodemográficos. Materiais e métodos: estudo transversal com 1187 adultos ≥ 60 anos, derivados do projeto Proposta técnica para elaboração do perfil de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional 2015, realizado em domicílios de áreas urbanas e rurais. Variáveis sociodemográficas foram consideradas como variáveis independentes e as variáveis antropométricas e MNA como variáveis dependentes. A associação entre a má nutrição e as variáveis sociodemográficas foi determinada por modelos de regressão logística binária e multinomial. Resultados: 65.2% eram mulheres, idade média 70.0 ± 8.0 anos; 61.5% de estrato socioeconômico baixo, 65.9% com nível de escolaridade fundamental ou inferior. De acordo com o índice de massa corporal (IMC), 57.6% apresentaram desnutrição, 20.8% magreza e 36.8% excesso de peso. Segundo o MNA, 41.4% estavam em risco de desnutrição e 5.4% já apresentavam desnutrição. Ambas as condições ocorreram com maior frequência em mulheres (or = 2.0; Ic 95%: 1.5-2.6), idade ≥ 75 anos (or = 1.7; Ic 95%: 1.2-2.4), baixo nível socioeconômico (or = 3.2; Ic 95%: 1.5-6.8), da zona rural (or = 1.7; Ic 95%: 1.1-2.5), com ensino fundamental (or = 2.1; Ic 95%: 1.1-4.4) ou sem escolaridade (or = 3.4; Ic 95%: 1.5-7.5). Conclusão: a má nutrição em AM de Medellín é alta, constituindo um problema de saúde pública, mais frequente em mulheres, idades avançadas, áreas rurais, estratos socioeconômicos baixos e níveis educacionais mais baixos; condições que devem ser levadas em conta para a implementação de políticas públicas

Correlation of body mass index and waist to height ratio with cardiovascular risk factors in Colombian preschool and school children

Objective: To analyze the agreement between body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height Ratio (WHtR) to identify preschool and school children with cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs). Methods: Three-hundred-twenty-one kids were divided into preschool (3-5 years) and school children (6-10 years). BMI was used to classify children as overweight or obese. Abdominal obesity was defined with a WHtR ≥0.50. Fasting blood lipids, glucose and insulin were measured, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The presence of CRFs and multiple non-waist circumference (non-WC) metabolic syndrome factors (MetS-Factors) [high HOMA-IR, high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)] were analyzed. Results: One-hundred-twelve preschool and 209 school children were evaluated. WHtR ≥0.50 classified abdominal obesity in more than half of the preschool children, exceeding those classified with overweight+obesity by BMI (59.5% vs. 9.8%; p0.05). There were similar proportions of school children classified with abdominal obesity by the WHtR and overweight+obesity by the BMI (18.7% vs. 24.9%; p>0.05). There was substantial agreement between WHtR and BMI to identify school children with high total cholesterol values, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, non-HDL-C, insulin, HOMA-IR, low HDL-C values, and the presence of multiple non-WC MetS-Factors (kappa: 0.616 to 0.857, p<0.001). Conclusion: In preschool children WHtR ≥0.5 disagree with BMI results, but in school kids, it has good agreement with the BMI to classify the children´s nutritional status and to identify those with CRFs.

Objetivo: Analizar el grado de acuerdo entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la relación/cintura estatura (rCE) para identificar niños con factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRC). Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico con 112 niños preescolares (3-5 años) y 209 escolares (6-10 años). El sobrepeso y la obesidad se clasificaron con el IMC y la obesidad abdominal con la rCE ≥0.50. Se tomaron muestras sanguíneas en ayuno para análisis de glucosa, insulina, lípidos y cálculo del índice HOMA-IR. Se analizó la presencia de FRC y de múltiples factores del síndrome metabólico (Factores-SinMet) diferentes a la cintura [HOMA-IR elevado, triglicéridos elevados y colesterol de alta densidad (HDL-C) bajo]. Resultados: rCE ≥0.50 clasificó con obesidad abdominal a más de la mitad de los niños preescolares, excediendo el número de niños clasificados con sobrepeso+obesidad por IMC (59.5% vs 9.8%; p0.05). Fueron similares las proporciones de niños escolares clasificados con obesidad abdominal por la rCE o con sobrepeso+obesidad por el IMC (18.7% vs. 24.9%; p>0.05). Hubo acuerdo sustancial entre la rCE y el IMC para identificar niños escolares con valores elevados de colesterol total, colesterol de baja densidad, triglicéridos, colesterol no-HDL, insulina, HOMA-IR, valores bajos de HDL-C y la presencia de múltiples Factores-SinMet diferentes a la cintura (kappa: 0.616 a 0.857, p<0.001). Conclusión: En niños preescolares la aplicación de rCE ≥0.5 no presenta acuerdo con el IMC, pero en escolares presenta un acuerdo sustancial con el IMC en la clasificación del estado nutricional y en la identificación de niños con FRC.

Preventing Complications During Mapping and Ablation of Left Ventricular Summit Arrhythmias.

The left ventricular summit is a site of origin for idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias. With advancements in mapping and ablation techniques, sites previously considered inaccessible can now be approached. Anatomical knowledge of the 3-dimensional landmarks of this space is important, as critical structures reside within its boundaries and are potentially liable to collateral injury during ablation. This article reviews reported complications from ablation of ventricular arrhythmias arising from the left ventricular summit and its vicinity and discusses the pros and cons of different ablation technique and the role of an individualized anatomical approach to reduce procedural related complications and improve outcomes.

Handgrip strength in older adults from Antioquia-Colombia and comparison of cutoff points for dynapenia.

Handgrip strength is a predictor of functional impairment and presence of morbimortality in older adults. However, appropriate reference values and cutoff points are required for its optimal use. This study describes handgrip characteristics in the older adult population of Antioquia-Colombia and compares the dynapenia handgrip cutoffs proposed for Colombians with international criteria. A cross-sectional study including 1592 older adults was done. Dynapenia prevalence by handgrip was analyzed using the following cutoffs: European Consensus of Sarcopenia (2018), Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (2019), Chilean (2018), and Colombian (2019). Handgrip strength significantly decreased with aging, showing a positive and strong association with functional and health parameters. The highest prevalence of dynapenia was found with the Asian Consensus cutoffs (26.1%) and the lowest with the Colombian cutoffs (0.8%). Low agreement was found between the Colombian cutoffs with the European Consensus (kappa = 0.059; p < 0.001), the Asian Consensus (kappa = 0.039; p < 0.001) and the Chilean proposal (kappa = 0.053; p < 0.001). Dynapenia using the Chilean, European, and Asian cutoffs was associated with physical inactivity, presence of multimorbidity, slow gait speed, nutritional risk, and low calf circumference. Meanwhile, the Colombian cutoffs was only associated with slow gait speed and low calf circumference. The handgrip cutoffs proposed for Colombians seems to underestimate the dynapenia prevalence in older people from Antioquia. Furthermore, these cutoff points did not show associations with relevant functional and health parameters. The handgrip cutoffs proposed for Colombians should be used with caution.

Parallel K-Wire Placement Leads to Fusion and Midcarpal Settling in Scaphoid Excision Four-Corner Fusion.

BACKGROUND: Scaphoid excision 4-corner fusion is a motion-sparing procedure in patients with advanced radioscaphoid arthritis. This study introduces an alternate technique for scaphoid excision 4-corner fusion using a parallel Kirschner wire (K-wire) construct across the midcarpal joints that leads to reliable fusion rates, and good patient outcomes. METHODS: This is a single-surgeon, retrospective study of patients who underwent scaphoid excision 4-corner fusion, using a parallel K-wire construct across the midcarpal joints. Once fusion was achieved, K-wires were removed. Radiographic union rate, time to union, capitolunate angle, capitolunate coverage, and amount of midcarpal settling are measured. Patient-reported outcome measures and descriptive statistics are presented. RESULTS: Sixty-five wrists were included in this study with a mean age of 50.1 years. One patient was lost to follow-up. All 64 wrists (100%) fused at an average of 2.6 months. The mean capitolunate angle was 7°, and capitolunate coverage was 99.2%. Fifty-two patients (81%) had adequate radiographs for measurement. Average midcarpal settling was 1.1 mm. Thirty-two patients (51%) were available for long-term follow-up at an average of 5.3 years (0.7-10.2 years), and participated in patient reported outcomes (PRO) surveys. The mean Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score was 16.6, and numeric pain rating scale score was 1.8. CONCLUSIONS: Parallel K-wire placement across the midcarpal joints with scaphoid leads to a high rate of fusion with good patient outcomes long term. Midcarpal settling that occurs through dynamic compression around the K-wires may have contributed to bony fusion. This technique may provide an alternative approach to achieving reliable fusion across the midcarpal joints.

Factores asociados al cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, en los adultos de Antioquia - Colombia

Objetivo: Describir los factores asociados al cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física (AF) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, en los adultos de Antioquia. Metodología: Se realizó un análisis transversal de la base de datos del "Perfil alimentario y nutricional de Antioquia". La AF se indagó en 2757 adultos (18-64 años), utilizando el "Cuestionario mundial de actividad física" de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se hicieron análisis bivariados y multivariados, explorando la relación de variables socioeconómicas, demográficas y de estado nutricional, con el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de AF. Resultados: Se observó una mayor prevalencia de cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de AF en hombres que mujeres (60,8 vs. 48,0 %; p< 0,001) y en adultos jóvenes (18-29 años) que en mayores de 29 años (66,8 vs. 49,3 %; p< 0,001). Además, se presentó más alta proporción de cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de AF en personas de mayor estrato socioeconómico, mayor nivel educativo y residentes del área urbana. Ser mujer, pertenecer al estrato socioeconómico 1, poseer secundaria o un nivel de educación inferior, y tener como ocupación oficios del hogar se asociaron con una probabilidad menor de cumplir las recomendaciones de AF; por el contrario, ser una persona joven se asocia con un mayor cumplimiento. Conclusión: Son evidentes las desigualdades en el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de AF por los adultos de Antioquia. Se deben priorizar las mujeres, las personas mayores de 30 años, de bajo estrato socioeconómico y de bajo nivel educativo en los planes y programas orientados a promover la práctica de la AF en el departamento.

Objective: To describe the factors associated with adherence to the World Health Organization's physical activity (PA) recommendations in adults from Antioquia-Colombia. Methodology: A cross-sectional analysis of the database of the "Food and nutritional Profile of Antioquia" was carried out. PA was inquired in 2,757 adults (18-64-year-olds), using the World Health Organization's "Global Physical Activity Questionnaire". Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed, exploring the relationship between socioeconomic, demographic and nutritional status variables and adherence to PA recommendations. Results: A higher prevalence of adherence to PA recommendations was observed in men compared to women (60.8 vs. 48.0 %; p < 0.001) and in young adults (18-29) compared to in adults older than 29 years of age (66.8 vs. 49.3 %; p < 0.001). In addition, adherence to PA recommendations was higher in people with high socioeconomic status, a high educational level and residents of urban areas. Being a woman, belonging to socioeconomic stratum 1, having high school or a lower level of education, and having as an occupation household chores were associated with a lower probability of adherence to PA recommendations; while being young is associated with greater adherence. Conclusion: Inequalities in adherence to FA recommendations by adults in Antioquia are evident. Women and people over 30 years of age with low socioeconomic status and low educational levels should be prioritized in plans and programs aimed at promoting the practice of PA in the department.

Objetivo: Descrever os fatores associados ao cumprimento das recomendações de atividade física (AF) da Organização Mundial da Saúde, nos adultos de Antioquia. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma análise transversal da base de dados do "Perfil alimentar e nutricional de Antioquia". A AF indagou-se em 2757 adultos (18-64 anos), usando o "Questionário mundial de atividade física" da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Fizeram-se análises bivariadas e multivariadas, explorando a relação de variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e de estado nutricional, com o cumprimento das recomendações de AF. Resultados: Observou-se uma maior prevalência de cumprimento das recomendações de AF em homens do que em mulheres (60,8 vs. 48,0%; p>0,001) e em jovens adultos (18-29 anos) do que em maiores de 29 anos (66,8 vs. 49,3%; p>0,001). Além disso, apresentou-se proporção mais alta de cumprimento das recomendações de AF em pessoas de mais alto estrato socioeconômico, maior nível educativo e residentes da área urbana. Ser mulher, pertencer ao estrato socioeconômico 1, possuir grau de secundária ou um nível inferior de educação e ter como ocupação trabalhos do lar associaram-se com uma probabilidade menor de cumprir as recomendações de AF; pelo contrário, ser uma pessoa jovem associa-se com um maior cumprimento. Conclusão: São evidentes as desigualdades no cumprimento das recomendações de AF pelos adultos de Antioquia. Devem-se priorizar as mulheres, as pessoas maiores de 30 anos, de estrato socioeconômico baixo e de baixo nível educativo nos planos e programas orientados a promover a prática da AF no departamento.

Potencial nematicida de hongos aislados de cultivos de plátano dominico hartón (Musa AAB Simmonds) del suroeste antioqueño / Nematicidal potential of fungi isolated of Plantain crops (Musa AAB Simmonds) from southwest Antioquia

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el potencial nematicida de aislados fúngicos provenientes de cultivos de plátano de los municipios de Andes y Jardín (Suroeste antioqueño). Se analizaron in vitro diez aislados fúngicos frente a los nematodos fitoparásitos de los géneros Meloidogyne y Radopholus. Los hongos pertenecían a los géneros Paecilomyces, Pochonia, Arthrobotrys, Lecanicillium y Metarhizium. Se realizaron pruebas metabólicas cualitativas con diversos sustratos con el fin de observar la capacidad de degradación de diferentes compuestos característicos en la estructura de huevos o juveniles de nematodos. También, se evaluó la capacidad de colonizar huevos o juveniles de Meloidogyne sp. y, la mortalidad de los aislados frente a los géneros Meloidogyne y Radopholus. Se encontró que la mayoría de los aislados fueron capaces de degradar Tween 80 (90% de los aislados), seguido de caseína (80%), gelatina (80%), Tween 20 (60%), y en menor medida quitina (40% de los aislados); además, el 30% de los aislados presentaron formación de cristales en los medios de Tween. El 70% de los aislados podían infectar huevos, mientras que el 30% restante infectaban juveniles (J2) de Meloidogyne sp., después 24 horas de incubación. En cuanto al porcentaje de mortalidad del hongo y el filtrado, se encontró que todos los aislados difieren del control (p<0.05), siendo aislados de los géneros Pochonia y Paecilomyces quienes presentaron porcentajes de mortalidad superiores al 90%.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the nematicidal potential of fungal isolates from plantain crops in the municipalities of Andes and Jardín (Southwest Antioquia). Ten fungal isolates were analyzed in vitro against phytoparasitic nematodes of the genera Meloidogyne and Radopholus. The fungi belonged to the genera Paecilomyces, Pochonia, Arthrobotrys, Lecanicillium, and Metarhizium. Qualitative metabolic tests were carried out with various substrates to observe the degradation capacity of different characteristic compounds in the structure of nematode eggs or juveniles. Also, the ability to colonize eggs or juveniles of Meloidogyne sp. and, the mortality of the isolates against the genera Meloidogyne and Radopholus were evaluated. It was found that most isolates were capable of degrading Tween 80 (90% of isolates), followed by casein (80%), gelatin (80%), Tween 20 (60%), and to a lesser extent chitin (40 % of isolates); in addition, 30% of the isolates presented crystal formation in the Tween media. 70% of the isolates could infect eggs, while the remaining 30% infected juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne sp., after 24 hours of incubation. Regarding the percentage of mortality of the fungus and the filtrate, it was found that all the isolates differ from the control (p<0.05), and some isolates of the genera Pochonia and Paecilomyces who presented mortality percentages higher than 90%.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Measured Cross-Sectional Area of the Median Nerve.

Purpose: The size of the median nerve may serve as a useful parameter to predict carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in a subset of patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate magnetic resonance imaging-based measurements of median nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) to examine trends between patient subgroups and CSA that may assist in predicting the individuals who are most likely to develop CTS symptoms. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 1,273 wrist magnetic resonance images was performed, and the images were analyzed to evaluate the median nerve CSA at the level of the pisiform and the hook of hamate. The age, sex, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) of the patients were collected from their medical records. Results: The median nerve size correlated with patient BMI. Additionally, patients with CTS had larger median nerves at the hook of hamate and pisiform than those without CTS. When subdividing patients on the basis of BMI, obese patients with CTS had larger median nerve CSA at the pisiform than those without CTS. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that increased BMI is associated with increased median nerve CSA at the hook of hamate and pisiform in patients with or without CTS. Additionally, patients with CTS had larger median nerve CSA than those without CTS. Measurements at these locations may help predict individuals who are likely to experience median nerve impingement. Type of study/level of evidence: Prognostic III.

Inseguridad alimentaria en hogares donde habitan adultos mayores. Medellín, Colombia / Food Insecurity in Households Inhabited by Older Adults, Medellín, Colombia / Insegurança alimentar em lares onde habitam idosos: Medellin, Colômbia

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la inseguridad alimentaria y algunas características sociodemográficas asociadas a ella, en hogares de Medellín (Colombia) en los que habitaban adultos de 60 años o más. Metodología: Estudio transversal, de muestreo aleatorio estratificado, por nivel socioeconómico y localización geográfica (urbano-rural). Este estudio se basó en 935 hogares, en los cuales habitaba por lo menos un adulto mayor. La seguridad alimentaria se midió con la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria. Se utilizaron la prueba chi cuadrado (χ2) y odds ratio (or), con intervalos de confianza, para determinar la asociación de la seguridad alimentaria con las demás variables; además, se elaboró un árbol de clasificación, con el propósito de determinar la importancia relativa de las variables para explicar la seguridad alimentaria. Resultados: El 19,2 % de los hogares estaba conformado únicamente por adultos mayores. El 63 % de los hogares evaluados presentaron jefaturas femeninas. La inseguridad alimentaria fue del 55 %, con mayores proporciones en zonas rurales, estratos bajos y cuando se presenta mayor número de personas por hogar (p < 0,05); la inseguridad alimentaria fue más baja en hogares integrados solo por adultos mayores (or = 0,58; p < 0,001), con jefes de hogar de 60 años y más (or = 0,64; p = 0,003) y hogares que no contaban con programas de ayuda alimentaria dirigidos a adultos mayores (or = 0,33; p < 0,001). Conclusión: Este estudio evidencia una alta frecuencia de inseguridad alimentaria en hogares donde viven adultos mayores; además, la edad, el sexo del jefe del hogar y el que este esté conformado solo por adultos mayores son aspectos determinantes de la inseguridad alimentaria.

Abstract Objective: To determine food insecurity and certain associated sociodemographic characteristics in households inhabited by adults aged 60 years or older in Medellín (Colombia). Methodology: Cross-sectional study using stratified random sampling according to socioeconomic status and geographic area (urban-rural). This study examined 935 households that had at least one older adult. Food security was measured with the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale. The chi-square test (χ2) and odds ratio (OR) with confidence intervals were used to determine the relationship between food security and the other variables; additionally, a classification tree was created to identify the relative importance of the variables in explaining food security. Results: Only 19.2% of the households were comprised entirely of older adults. 63% of the examined households presented female headships. Food insecurity was 55%, with higher rates in rural areas, lower socioeconomic strata, and households with more people (p < 0.05); food insecurity was lower in households composed entirely of older adults (OR = 0.58; p < 0.001), households with heads of household aged 60 years or older (OR = 0.64; p = 0.003), and households without food aid programs for older adults (OR = 0.33; p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study suggests a significant prevalence of food insecurity in households headed by older adults; furthermore, the head of household's age, gender, and whether the home is exclusively composed of older adults are all determinants of food insecurity.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a insegurança alimentar e algumas características sociodemográficas associadas a ela, em lares de Medellin (Colômbia) nos quais habitam adultos com idades a partir de 60 anos. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, de amostragem aleatória estratificado, por nível socioeconômico e localização geográfica (urbano-rural). Este estudo foi baseado em 935 lares, nos quais habitava pelo menos um idoso. A segurança alimentar foi medida com a Escala Latino-americana e Caribenha de Segurança Alimentar (ELCSA). Foram utilizadas o teste qui-quadrado (X²) e odds ratio (OR), com intervalos de confiança para determinar a associação da segurança alimentar com as outras variáveis; além disso, foi elaborada uma árvore de classificação com o propósito de determinar a importância relativa das variáveis para explicar a segurança alimentar. Resultados: Um total de 19,2% dos lares estava formado somente por idosos. 63% dos lares avaliados apresentavam chefes de famílias do sexo feminino. A insegurança alimentar foi de 55% com maiores proporções em zonas rurais, de baixa renda e quando se apresentou um maior número de pessoas por lar (p < 0,05); a insegurança alimentar foi mais baixa em lares integrados somente por idosos (OR =0,58; p < 0,001), com chefes de família de 60 anos ou mais (OR = 0,64; p = 0,003) e lares que não contavam com programas de ajuda alimentar dirigidos a idosos (OR = 0,33; p < 0,001). Conclusões: Este estudo evidencia uma alta frequência de insegurança alimentar em lares onde vivem idosos; além da idade, o sexo do chefe de família e o fato de que esteja formado somente por idosos são aspectos determinantes da insegurança alimentar.

Dominant vector changes during early wavebreak/spiral wave (Wiggers stage 1) in ventricular fibrillation: insights from the analysis of 100 electrophysiology studies.

PURPOSE: To describe electrocardiographic vector patterns during early VF transition (Wiggers stage 1). METHODS: In 100 electrophysiology studies with VF induction, the first 3 beats of VF were analyzed in lead I for left/right axis (LA/RA), V1 for left/right bundle (LB/RB), and aVF for superior/inferior axis (SA/IA). Correlation with demographic/clinical factors was performed using regression analyses and mixed effect modeling. RESULTS: VF initiated more likely with LA than RA (P < 0.001) and LB than RB (P = 0.04) suggesting original wavebreak in the right ventricle. The 3-dimensional morphology changed in 69% of VF during the first 3 beats, with predominant increase in RB, suggesting a transition of QRS-originating vector to septum/left ventricle. Conservation of morphology (31%) was favored by initial RB (P = 0.002) and LA morphology (P = 0.01). Initiation of VF with LA vs RA was more likely in African-Americans (P = 0.016) and increasing age (P = 0.032). Ischemic cardiomyopathy favored VF initiation with RB 6.7-fold (P = 0.025), possibly linking LV myocardial scar to initial VF wavebreak location. Male gender and ischemic cardiomyopathy prolonged time-to-loss of predominant vector by 119% (P = 0.002) and 71% (P = 0.017), respectively, suggesting more preserved anatomic/functional reentry. CONCLUSION: The predominant QRS vectors during early Wiggers stage 1 VF are not random and suggest an initial wavebreak more commonly in the right ventricle, followed by a transitional shift to the septum/left ventricle. Ethnicity, male gender, age, and co-morbidities result in directional preservation of initiating VF vectors possibly due to myocardial mass/fibrosis. Findings may allow new treatment/ablation approaches.