Delamination of 2D coordination polymers: The role of solvent and ultrasound.

Two novel cadmium-based 2D coordination polymers have been synthesized and characterized. Experimental results evidence that the best delamination processes occurs when weak interactions dominate the cohesion between layers and solvent molecules are occluded within the crystalline network. In this case, the delamination of the crystals occurs spontaneously in water. On top of that, and thanks to the high stability of the resulting (flake) colloidal dispersions, we have completed a detailed study of the sonication assisted delamination impact by: I) comparison of two different sonication approaches (bath vs. tip sonication) and II) optimization of final flake morphology and yield by controlling solvent and sonication time. Our results definitely pave the way for the fabrication and implementation of 2D coordination polymers using ultrasound.

Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of OXA-535, a Distantly Related OXA-48-Like ß-Lactamase.

OXA-535 is a chromosome-encoded carbapenemase of Shewanella bicestrii JAB-1 that shares only 91.3% amino acid sequence identity with OXA-48. Catalytic efficiencies are similar to those of OXA-48 for most ß-lactams, except for ertapenem, where a 2,000-fold-higher efficiency was observed with OXA-535. OXA-535 and OXA-436, a plasmid-encoded variant of OXA-535 differing by three amino acids, form a novel cluster of distantly related OXA-48-like carbapenemases. Comparison of blaOXA-535 and blaOXA-436 genetic environments suggests that an ISCR1 may be responsible for blaOXA-436 gene mobilization from the chromosome of Shewanella spp. to plasmids.

Thienyl-BOPHY dyes as promising templates for bulk heterojunction solar cells.

The synthesis and characterization of bis(difluoroboryl)-1,2-bis((1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)hydrazone functionalized with two lateral vinyl-thienyl modules and exhibiting strong absorption in the 400-800 nm window in thin films are reported. Bulk heterojunction solar cells assembled with these dyes and a fullerene derivative (PC71BM), using very small quantities of the additive diiodooctane, give a power conversion efficiency as high as 4.3% with short-circuit current values of 10.9 mA cm(-2), an open-circuit voltage of 0.7 V and external quantum efficiencies higher than 70% over a broad range of wavelengths (580 to 720 nm).

Thermodynamic epimeric equilibration and crystallisation-induced dynamic resolution of lobelanine, norlobelanine and related analogues.

The step-economical synthesis of lobelanine involving a ring closing double aza-Michael (RCDAM) reaction is revisited and successfully extended to the synthesis of various configurationally more stable analogues. Owing to the presence of a configurationally labile ß-aminoketone subunit, lobelanine is prone to self-catalyze mutarotation in solution. Through the synthesis of original lobelanine analogues, we studied the influence of (i) the size of the central heterocycle, (ii) the bulkiness of the nitrogen protecting group, and (iii) the phenacyl arm substituent on the thermodynamic equilibrium and its displacement by crystallisation-induced dynamic resolution (CIDR). We demonstrated that fine structural tuning combined with optimized CIDR conditions favours the first efficient diastereoselective synthesis of lobelanine's analogues.

Switchable stereocontrolled divergent synthesis induced by aza-Michael addition of deactivated primary amines under acid catalysis.

Switchable tandem intramolecular aza-Michael/Michael and double aza-Michael reactions allow the oriented synthesis of highly functionalised cyclic skeletons. Conjugate addition of deactivated anilines triggers chemo- and stereo-divergent ring-closure reaction pathways with a striking selectivity depending on reaction conditions.

Double Smiles rearrangement of Passerini adducts towards benzoxazinones.

A new straightforward access to benzoxazinones based on a three-component coupling is presented here. The mechanism of the whole process involves a double aryl transfer as clearly underlined by the X-ray diffraction analysis of the products.

High-resolution experimental phases for tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) complexed with tryptophanyl-5'AMP.

Native data, anomalous data at three wavelengths and an independent peak-wavelength data set for SeMet-substituted protein have been collected from cryoprotected crystals of the TrpRS-adenylate product (TAM) complex to a resolution limit of 1.7 A. Independent phase sets were developed using SHARP and improved by solvent flipping with SOLOMON using molecular envelopes derived from experimental densities for, respectively, peak-wavelength SAD data from four different crystals, MAD data and their M(S)IRAS combinations with native data. Hendrickson-Lattman phase-probability coefficients from each phase set were used in BUSTER to drive maximum-likelihood refinements of well defined parts of the previously refined room-temperature 2.9 A structure. Maximum-entropy completion followed by manual rebuilding was then used to generate a model for the missing segments, bound ligand and solvent molecules. Surprisingly, peak-wavelength SAD experiments produced the smallest phase errors relative to the refined structures. Selenomethionylated models deviate from one another by 0.25 A and from the native model by 0.38 A, but all have r.m.s. deviations of approximately 1.0 A from the 2.9 A model. Difference Fourier calculations between amplitudes from the 300 K experiment and the new amplitudes at 100 K using 1.7 A model phases show no significant structural changes arising from temperature variation or addition of cryoprotectant. The main differences between low- and high-resolution structures arise from correcting side-chain rotamers in the core of the protein as well as on the surface. These changes improve various structure-validation criteria.

Structural effects of monovalent anions on polymorphic lysozyme crystals.

Understanding direct salt effects on protein crystal polymorphism is addressed by comparing different crystal forms (triclinic, monoclinic, tetragonal and orthorhombic) for hen, turkey, bob white quail and human lysozymes. Four new structures of hen egg-white lysozyme are reported: crystals grown in the presence of NapTS diffracted to 1.85 A, of NaI to 1.6 A, of NaNO(3) to 1.45 A and of KSCN to 1.63 A. These new structures are compared with previously published structures in order to draw a mapping of the surface of different lysozymes interacting with monovalent anions, such as nitrate, chloride, iodide, bromide and thiocyanate. An analysis of the structural sites of these anions in the various lysozyme structures is presented. This study shows common anion sites whatever the crystal form and the chemical nature of anions, while others seem specific to a given geometry and a particular charge environment induced by the crystal packing.

Phase determination via Sayre-type equations with anomalous-scattering data.

The necessary background for the analysis of complex-valued electron-density maps is established. Various systems of structure-factor equations of convolutional type akin to Sayre's squaring method equations are tested for agreement on the real and imaginary parts of the electron density as well as approximations thereof. A system of convolutional structure-factor equations holding in a complex-valued electron density generated by two atom types is developed. The scope of application of these equations is determined and it is shown that the equations provide a method of extrapolating high-resolution phases from a low-resolution base phase set without introducing further model bias. Additional applications to phase refinement are explored.

No salting-in of lysozyme chloride observed at low ionic strength over a large range of pH.

Solubility of lysozyme chloride was determined in the absence of added salt and in the presence of 0.05-1.2 M NaCl, starting from isoionic lysozyme, which was then brought to pH values from 9 to 3 by addition of HCl. The main observation is the absence of a salting-in region whatever the pH studied. This is explained by a predominant electrostatic screening of the positively charged protein and/or by adsorption of chloride ions by the protein. The solubility increases with the protein net charge at low ionic strength, but the reverse is observed at high ionic strength. The solubility of lysozyme chloride seems to become independent of ionic strength at pH approximately 9.5, which is interpreted as a shift of the isoionic pH (10.8) to an isoelectric pH due to chloride binding. The crystallization at very low ionic strength, where lysozyme crystallizes at supersaturation values as low as 1.1, amplifies the effect of pH on protein solubility. Understanding the effect of the net charge and of ionic strength on protein-protein interactions is valuable not only for protein crystal growth but more generally also for the formation of protein-protein or protein-ligand complexes.