ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Recently, urinary fructose and sucrose excretion in 24-h urine have been established experimentally as new biomarkers for dietary sugar intake in adults. Our objective was to investigate 1) whether the fructose biomarker is also applicable in free-living children and 2) for what kind of sugar it is standing for. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Intakes of added and total sugar (including additional sugar from fruit and fruit juices) were assessed by 3-day weighed dietary records in 114 healthy prepubertal children; corresponding 24-h urinary fructose excretion was measured photometrically. The associations between dietary sugar intakes and urinary fructose excretion were examined using linear regression models. To determine whether one of the two sugar variables may be better associated with the urinary biomarker, the statistical Pitman's test was used. RESULTS: Added and total sugar correlated significantly with urinary fructose, but the linear regression indicated a weak association between intake of added sugar and urinary log-fructose excretion (ß=0.0026, R(2)=0.055, P=0.01). The association between total sugar intake and log-urinary fructose (ß=0.0040, R(2)=0.181, P<0.001) showed a significantly better fit (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary fructose excretion seems to be rather applicable for the estimation of total sugar intake than for the estimation of added dietary sugar intake in children. However, as excreted fructose stems almost exclusively from the diet (both from food-intrinsic and added intakes), it can be assumed that urinary fructose represents a potential biomarker for total dietary fructose intake, irrespective of its source.
Subject(s)
Dietary Sucrose/urine , Fructose/urine , Biomarkers/urine , Child , Diet , Diet Records , Dietary Sucrose/administration & dosage , Female , Fructose/administration & dosage , Humans , Linear Models , Male , Regression AnalysisABSTRACT
Some venomous spiders of the genus Loxosceles can reach high population densities inside and around houses. In Brazil, most spider accidents are related to Loxosceles intermedia. Control of loxoscelism should utilize integrated pest management tools, such as vacuum cleaners, to eliminate egg sacs, webs and spiders. The present study tested the efficacy of one type of vacuum cleaner (for professional and domestic use) in the control of L. intermedia populations. Cockroaches (Pycnoscelus surinamensis) were used in some tests for comparison. Vacuuming using standard accessories or a paper tube resulted in the death of all female (n=60), male (n=60), young (n=60) and just-hatched (n=60) L. intermedia, and all egg sacs (n=5) were destroyed. The removal of the plastic plate present at the bottom of the vacuuming tube inside the machine allowed some spiders to survive the vacuuming process. When kept inside a vacuum bag full of dust and debris, adult females (n=10) survived for 10 days; however, significant mortality was observed among male (n=10) and young individuals (n=10). Addition of cornstarch to the vacuum bag did not affect the spiders (n=20). Vacuum cleaners, such as the one used in the present investigation, are promising tools for integrated management of L. intermedia and other spiders in domestic environments.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Spiders , Pest ControlSubject(s)
Education, Dental, Graduate/methods , General Practice, Dental/education , Preceptorship/organization & administration , Private Practice , Accreditation , Boston , Colorado , Education, Dental, Graduate/economics , Focus Groups , Goals , Humans , Mentors , Oregon , Preceptorship/legislation & jurisprudence , Program Evaluation , Texas , Training Support , West VirginiaABSTRACT
Surveys of recent dental graduates indicated they were not ready for solo private practice immediately after completing their formal dental education. After assessment of the regional external and internal environment, the School of Dentistry, Oregon Health Sciences University established a voluntary one-year extramural fellowship program in a non-traditional setting. The program requires the fellow to spend 80% of his or her time in a general dentistry office and 20% in a public service setting. The preceptor dentists pay a stipend competitive with other residency programs. The advantages of this transition year are: 1) the fellow further develops technical and diagnostic skills and confidence in a general dentistry setting; 2) the fellow receives first-hand experience about the many business decisions made when running a successful dental office; and 3) the preceptor dentist has the opportunity to teach a fellow eager to learn, who could become an associate in the practice after completion of the program.
Subject(s)
Education, Dental, Graduate , Fellowships and Scholarships , Clinical Competence , General Practice, Dental/education , Humans , Internship and Residency , Interprofessional Relations , Oregon , Partnership Practice, Dental , Practice Management, Dental , Preceptorship , Public Health Dentistry/education , Schools, DentalABSTRACT
Molars developed in the presence of systemic fluoride have been judged to have shallow grooves and short cusps. In this replication study, however, both water fluoridation and fluoride supplementation had no significant effect on the groove-widths or depths.
