Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 in breast cancer and breast fibroadenoma: a randomized, double-blind study.

BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9 may play an important role in cell proliferation and dissemination of cancer. However, few studies have compared the expression of these proteins between breast cancer and fibroadenoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized, double-blind study was carried out in 66 premenopausal women, aged 20-49 years, who had been diagnosed with fibroadenoma or breast cancer. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A, control (fibroadenoma, n=36) and Group B, study (cancer, n=30). Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using tissue samples of fibroadenoma and breast cancer to assess MMP-2 and MMP-9 antigen expression. Cells were considered positive if exhibiting brown cytoplasmic staining. Fisher's exact test was used to compare the percentage of cases with cells expressing MMP-2 and MMP-9 in control and study groups (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Light microscopy showed a higher concentration of cells with positive cytoplasmic staining for MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in breast cancer than in fibroadenoma. The percentage of cases with cells expressing MMP-2 in the control and study groups was 41.67% and 86.11%, respectively (p < 0.0009), whereas the percentage of cases with cells expressing MMP-9 in groups A and B was 66.67% and 93.33%, respectively (p<0.0138). MMP-2 and MMP-9 positive expression was significantly higher in moderately differentiated tumors compared to well and poorly differentiated tumors, p <0.005 and p<0.001, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The current study shows that MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression was significantly higher in the breast cancer than in the fibroadenoma and also in moderately differentiated breast cancer.

A case-control study of Metallothionein-1 expression in breast cancer and breast fibroadenoma.

The overexpression of Metallothionein-1 (MT-1) may play an important role in breast cancer; however, few studies have compared MT-1 expression between breast cancer and fibroadenoma. A cross-sectional controlled study was performed in 66 premenopausal women, aged 20-49 years, who had been histologically diagnosed with breast fibroadenoma or breast cancer. The patients were divided into two groups: group A, control (fibroadenoma, n = 36) and group B, study (breast cancer, n = 30). Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue samples of fibroadenoma and breast cancer patients to evaluate the expression of metallothionein using an anti-MT-1 polyclonal antibody (rabbit polyclonal anti-metallothionein-Catalog Number biorbyt-orb11042) at a dilution of 1:100. The data were analyzed using NOVA (p < 0.05). Microscopic analysis showed a higher concentration of anti-MT-1-stained nuclei in breast cancer tissues than in fibroadenoma tissues. The mean proportion of cells with anti-MT-1-stained nuclei was 26.93% and 9.10%, respectively, in the study and control groups (p < 0.001). Histological grade 3 tumors showed a significantly higher MT-1 expression than hitological grade 1 (p < 0.05), while breast tumors negative for estrogen-, progesterone- and HER2- receptors had a significantly higher MT-1 expression than positive breast tumors positive for these parameters (p < 0.05). MT-1 protein in women of reproductive age was significantly higher in breast cancer than in fibroadenoma in this study. Furthermore, there was higher MT-1 immunoreactivity in more aggressive tumors.

Consumption of nutrients with antioxidant action and its relationship with lipid profile and oxidative stress in student users of a university restaurant.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between diet and health has aroused scientific interest, especially the consumption of antioxidant nutrients naturally present in foods, because of its action against the deleterious effects of free radicals in the body. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to estimate the intake of antioxidant nutrients and its relationship with lipid profile and oxidative stress in student users of a university restaurant in comparison with non-users. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 145 university students divided into two groups: users of the university restaurant (group 1, n = 73) and non-users (group 2, n = 72). We measured body mass index and waist circumference, and estimated the intake of antioxidant micronutrients. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, and plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde were determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Intake of copper, zinc, selenium, and vitamin C were within the recommendations in both groups, and vitamins A and E were below the reference values. There was a correlation between the intake of vitamin C and triglycerides. Group 1 members had better dietary patterns in relation to antioxidant micronutrients, reflecting less atherogenic lipid profile and lower exposure to oxidative stress compared to group 2.

Consumption of nutrients with antioxidant action and its relationship with lipid profile and oxidative stress in student users of a university restaurant / El consumo de nutrientes con acción antioxidante y su relación con el perfil lipídico y el estrés oxidativo en los estudiantes usuarios del restaurante de una universidad

Introduction: The relationship between diet and health has aroused scientific interest, especially the consumption of antioxidant nutrients naturally present in foods, because of its action against the deleterious effects of free radicals in the body. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the intake of antioxidant nutrients and its relationship with lipid profile and oxidative stress in student users of a university restaurant in comparison with non-users. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 145 university students divided into two groups: users of the university restaurant (group 1, n = 73) and non-users (group 2, n = 72). We measured body mass index and waist circumference, and estimated the intake of antioxidant micronutrients. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, and plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde were determined. Results and conclusion: Intake of copper, zinc, selenium, and vitamin C were within the recommendations in both groups, and vitamins A and E were below the reference values. There was a correlation between the intake of vitamin C and triglycerides. Group 1 members had better dietary patterns in relation to antioxidant micronutrients, reflecting less atherogenic lipid profile and lower exposure to oxidative stress compared to group 2 (AU)

Introducción: la relación entre la dieta y la salud ha despertado interés científico, especialmente en lo referente al consumo de nutrientes antioxidantes presentes de forma natural en los alimentos, debido a su acción contra los efectos nocivos de los radicales libres en el cuerpo. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la ingesta de nutrientes antioxidantes y su relación con el perfil lipídico y el estrés oxidativo en estudiantes usuarios de un restaurante universitario, en comparación con los no usuarios. Métodos: este es un estudio transversal que incluye 145 estudiantes universitarios, divididos en dos grupos: los usuarios del restaurante universitario (grupo 1, n = 73) y no usuarios (grupo 2, n = 72). Fueron medidos el índice de masa corporal y la circunferencia de la cintura, y se estimó la ingesta de micronutrientes antioxidantes. Se determinaron las concentraciones séricas de colesterol total, colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad, colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad, los niveles de triglicéridos y las concentraciones plasmáticas de malondialdehído. Resultados y conclusiones: la ingesta de cobre, zinc, selenio y la vitamina C se encontraba dentro de las recomendaciones de los dos grupos, y la de vitaminas A y E estaba por debajo de los valores de referencia. Hubo una correlación entre el consumo de vitamina C y los triglicéridos. Miembros del grupo 1 mostraron mejores patrones dietéticos en relación con micronutrientes antioxidantes, lo que refleja menos perfil lipídico aterogénico y una menor exposición al estrés oxidativo en comparación con el grupo 2 (AU)

Implicações nutricionais que os ácidos graxos trans exercem na saúde da população: análise reflexiva / Nutritional implications of trans fatty acids on people’s health: a reflective analysis article

Objetivo: apresentar uma reflexão acerca das implicações nutricionais que os ácidos graxos trans exercem na saúde da população. Método: estudo reflexivo realizado a partir de artigos publicados na base de dado sLILACS e biblioteca virtual SciELO de 2013 a 2016. Após leitura e análise crítica do material, procedeu-se à discussão dos resultados. Resultados: nos estudos selecionados, evidenciou-se que o consumo de ácidos graxos trans pela população cresceu paralelamente ao aumento do seu uso pelas indústrias de alimentos. Asd oenças mais associadas ao consumo desse ácido graxo são as doenças cardiovasculares e as crônicas degenerativas. Além disso, seu consumo influencia, do mesmo modo, o crescimento intrauterino, a obesidade e a doença inflamatória. Conclusão: fica clara a associação positiva da elevada ingestão de ácidos graxos trans com diversas doenças, principalmente as cardiovasculares.

Status do Zinco e sua Relação com Biomarcadores de Risco Cardiovascular / Zinc Status of and its Association to Cardiovascular Risk Biomarkers

Fundamento: A ação antioxidante de alguns nutrientes é importante na proteção vascular. O zinco, em particular, tem sido associado a um risco reduzido de aterosclerose, acidente vascular cerebral e trombose.Objetivo: O estudo avaliou o status do zinco e sua relação com biomarcadores de risco cardiovascular em adultos saudáveis. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 186 estudantes universitários de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 20 e 30 anos, selecionados através de amostra por conveniência. As medições dos biomarcadores de risco cardiovascular incluíram o perfil lipídico, o índice de Castelli I e II e circunferência da cintura. O zinco dietético foi avaliado por registro alimentar de três dias utilizando o programa NutWin versão 1.6.0.7. As concentrações plasmáticas e de eritrócitos do mineral foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com chama. O perfil lipídico foi determinado pelo método enzimático colorimétrico. Resultados: Os valores médios do consumo de zinco estavam superiores à NME (Necessidade Média Estimada) em ambos os sexos. Os participantes apresentaram concentrações médias de zinco no plasma e eritrócitos inferiores aos pontos de corte. Os valores médios do perfil lipídico, índice de Castelli I e II, e circunferência da cintura estavam adequados. Houve correlação negativa entre o zinco dietético e colesterol total e triglicérides. Conclusões: Os participantes têm uma ingestão elevada de zinco e apresentam concentrações plasmáticas e eritrocitárias reduzidas do mineral. Além disso, esse estudo revelou uma associação negativa entre a ingestão de zinco dietético e o colesterol total e triglicérides, biomarcadores do risco cardiovascular, sugerindo a importância do zinco na proteção contra doenças cardiovasculares

Background: The antioxidant action of some nutrients is important in vascular protection. Zinc, particularly, has been associated with reduced risk of atherosclerosis, stroke and thrombosis. Objective: The study evaluated zinc status and its association to cardiovascular risk biomarkers in healthy adults. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 186 university students of both genders, aged between 20 and 30 years, selected using the convenience sampling method. The cardiovascular risk biomarker measurements included the lipid profile, Castelli index I and II, and waist circumference. Zinc analysis was performed by a three-days food record using NutWin program version 1.6.0.7. Plasma and erythrocyte mineral concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The lipid profile was determined by enzymatic colorimetric methods. Results: The mean values of zinc intake were higher than the EAR in both genders. Participants had mean plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations lower than the cutoff points. The mean values of the lipid profile, Castelli index I and II, and waist circumference were adequate. There was a negative correlation between dietary zinc and total cholesterol and triglycerides. Conclusions: The participants have a high dietary zinc intake and reduced plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of this mineral. Additionally, this study showed a negative association between zinc dietary intake and total cholesterol and triglycerides, biomarkers of cardiovascular risk, suggesting the importance of zinc in protecting against cardiovascular disease

Polimorfismo arg213gly na sod3 e aterogênese / Polymorphism arg213gly in sod3 and atherogenesis

A aterosclerose é uma doença inflamatória crônica de origem multifatorial que ocorre em resposta à agressão endotelial e sua progressão está associada com o aumento das espécies reativas de oxigênio na parede vascular. Interações entre fatores ambientais e genéticos resultam em aumento do risco para essa desordem metabólica. Nesse sentido, estudos clínicos e observacionais têm evidenciado o papel de enzimas antioxidantes na proteção vascular, em particular, a superóxido dismutase 3, uma importante enzima altamente expressa na matriz extracelular dos vasos sanguíneos. A presença do polimorfismo Arg213Gly no gene da SOD3 resulta em prejuízo na ligação dessa enzima com a heparina refletindo em um nível antioxidante reduzido no tecido endotelial, e consequentemente, em um aumento do estresse oxidativo e da oxidação de lipoproteínas nas paredes arteriais. Dessa forma, o estudo tem como objetivo trazer informações atualizadas sobre o papel da SOD3 na proteção vascular e as recentes considerações sobre a presença do polimorfismo Arg213Gly no gene dessa enzima como fator contribuinte para a aterogênese. Realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico, mediante consulta à base de dados PubMed, Scielo e Lilacs. Diversos estudos têm demonstrado associação entre o polimorfismo Arg213Gly na SOD3 com o aumento do risco cardiovascular, incluindo hipertensão, infarto do miocárdio e acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico, devido à redução da ligação da enzima às células endoteliais com diminuição da sua proteção antioxidante. Nesse sentido, faz-se necessária a realização de novos estudos na perspectiva de esclarecer o papel desse polimorfismo na progressão da aterogênese e no desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares.

Relationship between zincemia, superoxide dismutase activity and marker of oxidative stress in women with breast cancer / Relación entre zincemia, actividad de la enzima superóxido dismutasa y marcador de estrés oxidativo en mujeres con cáncer de mama

Introduction: studies show changes in zinc metabolism in women with breast cancer. This mineral has antioxidant action, and disorders in its biochemical parameters are related to poor prognosis of the disease and increase in the carcinogenic process. Objective: this study evaluated the activity of enzyme superoxide dismutase and biochemical parameters related to zinc, and investigated the existence of correlation between these variables and the marker of oxidative stress in these patients. Methods: this was a case-control study with 66 women aged between 20 and 50 years old, distributed into: case group (women with breast cancer, n=34) and control group (healthy women, n=32). Zinc intake was analyzed by three-day food diary, using Nutwin software, version 1.5. Plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry method (λ=213.9). Superoxide dismutase activity was assessed by Griess colorimetric method, and plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were analyzed. Results and discussion: mean levels of zinc intake, superoxide dismutase and TBARS were higher than recommended for the study participants with statistical difference for enzyme superoxide dismutase (p0.05). Conclusions: therefore, it can be assumed that zinc intake in women with breast cancer does not impact plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of this mineral. High superoxide dismutase activity in women with breast cancer may be due to a compensatory mechanism of regulation via oxidative stress found in this disease (AU)

Introducción: diversos estudios muestran alteraciones en el metabolismo del zinc en mujeres con cáncer de mama. Este mineral posee acción antioxidante, y los disturbios en sus parámetros bioquímicos están relacionados con peor pronóstico de la enfermedad y agravamiento del proceso carcinogénico. Objetivos: este estudio evaluó la actividad de la enzima superóxido dismutasa y los parámetros bioquímicos relativos al zinc e investigó la existencia de correlación entre esas variables y el marcador del estrés oxidativo en estas pacientes. Métodos: este fue un estudio caso-control con 66 mujeres, con edad ente 20 y 50 años, distribuidas en: grupo caso (mujeres con cáncer de mama, n=34) y grupo control (mujeres saludables, n=32). La ingestión del zinc fue realizada por medio del registro alimentario de tres días, utilizando el programa Nutwin versión 1.5. Las concentraciones de zinc plasmático y eritrocitario fueron determinadas según el método de espectrofotometría de absorción atómica de llama (λ=213,9). La actividad de la superóxido dismutasa fue evaluada por el método colorimétrico de Griess y fueron analizadas sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Resultados y discusión: los valores medios de la ingestión de zinc, superóxido dismutasa y TARBS eran superiores a los recomendados para las participantes del estudio, con una diferencia estadística para la enzima superóxido dismutasa (p>0,05). La media de las concentraciones plasmática y eritrocitaria de zinc fueron reducidos en ambos grupos (p>0.05). Conclusiones: por lo tanto, se puede suponer que la ingesta de zinc en mujeres con cáncer de mama no influye en las concentraciones plasmáticas y eritrocitarias de ese mineral. La elevada actividad de la superóxido dismutasa en las mujeres con cáncer de mama puede ser debida a un mecanismo de regulación compensatorio mediante el estrés oxidativo presente en esa enfermedad (AU)