Outcome of Immediate Breast Reconstruction in Patients With Nonendocrine-Responsive Breast Cancer: A Monoinstitutional Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: The long-term prognostic relevance of immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) for patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer (BC) has not been fully elucidated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study population included 444 patients with ER-negative BC who underwent total mastectomy with complete axillary dissection between 1995 and 2006, 339 patients with and 105 patients without IBR. The median follow-up was 8.6 years. RESULTS: Patients treated with IBR were younger (P < .001) and received surgery more recently (2003-2006: 53.1% vs. 39%; P = .0003), and had a lower number of metastatic lymph nodes (>4 lymph nodes involvement: 29.5% vs. 45.7%; P = .0026), smaller tumors (pT1/2: 15% vs. 26.7%; P = .0007), and lower extent of peritumoral vascular invasion (15.9% vs. 21%; P = .032). The 5-year cumulative incidence of locoregional recurrence was 7.1% in the IBR group and 11.7% in the no IBR group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.81; P = .63). The 5-year cumulative incidence of distant metastases were similar in the 2 groups (P = .79). The 5-year overall and disease-free survival proportions were 79.9% versus 69.5% (HR, 1.11; P = .67) and 66.6% versus 54.1% (HR, 1.04; P = .83) in the IBR group and no IBR group, respectively. CONCLUSION: IBR intervention does not significantly affect prognosis of ER-negative BC patients.

Does immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy influence the outcome of patients with non-endocrine responsive breast cancer?

BACKGROUND/AIM: In breast cancer (BC) patients, breast surgery followed by immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) might favour recurrences and metastases due to extensive surgical manipulation. We retrospectively investigated whether IBR after mastectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NT) influenced the outcome in patients with early and locally advanced oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative BC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1995 and 2006, 133 BC patients received NT followed by total mastectomy, 59 of whom underwent IBR. Patients receiving IBR (IBR group) were compared to patients who did not receive IBR (no-IBR group) over a prolonged median follow-up time (8.2 years). RESULTS: Patients receiving IBR were on average younger than patients not receiving IBR (p<0.001). The percentage of patients with positive clinical nodal status (cN) was 19% in the IBR group and 7% in no-IBR group (p=0.036), whereas patients without IBR were more frequently diagnosed as clinical T4 (59% vs. 15%, p<0.001). The 5-year cumulative incidence of locoregional recurrences were 14% in the no-IBR group and 21% in the IBR group. The hazard of locoregional events, adjusted for age, clinical T and cN, was significantly greater in the IBR group than in the no-IBR group (hazard ratio (HR)=2.77, p=0.045). The 5-year cumulative incidences of distant metastases were similar in the two groups (p=0.414). CONCLUSION: IBR following total mastectomy in patients with ER-negative disease after NT is associated with a worse rate of local relapses. More insight in mechanisms of wound healing and extent of surgery is required to further investigate this observation.

Risk of locoregional recurrence in patients with false-negative frozen section or close margins of retroareolar specimen in nipple-sparing mastectomy.

BACKGROUND: Our purpose was to evaluate the locoregional recurrence (LRR) of patients with false-negative, frozen-section or close margins of retroareolar specimen in nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) procedure. METHODS: From 2002-2008, we recruited patients who had atypia or presence of cancer cells in definitive histology of retroareolar tissue despite of absence of tumor cell in intraoperative retroareolar frozen section. We also included the close margin cases defined as the presence of tumor cells at the first frozen section, but after deeper core out of retroareolar tissue were revealed free of malignancy. The incidence of LRR and NAC recurrence were reported, and the factors associated were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 948 NSM procedures, there were 88 false-negative, frozen-sections and 10 close margin cases. The 5-year cumulative incidence of LRR and NAC recurrence was 11.2 % (10/98 patients) and 2.4 % (2/98 patients), respectively. Analyzing the definitive results of retroareolar tissue, the 5-year cumulative incidence of LRR was 42.9 % (n = 4) for atypia, 10 % (n = 2) for lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), 10 % (n = 1) for close margins, 8.7 % (n = 3) for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 0 % for invasive carcinoma. In situ carcinoma as a primary tumor was a significant predictor of NAC recurrence (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a high reliability of frozen section, there is still a minority of false-negative results. Nevertheless, the LRR is considerably low. This fact suggests the possibility of preservation of the NAC after discussion with the patient.

Update on breast reconstruction techniques and indications.

Breast reconstruction is considered as part of the breast cancer treatment when a mastectomy is required. Implants or expanders are the most frequent techniques used for the reconstructions. Expander provides usually a better symmetry. A contralateral mastoplasty often is required to improve the symmetry. The nipple areola complex, which can be preserved in certain conditions, is usually removed and can be reconstructed in a second stage under local anesthesia. In case of radical mastectomy and/or radiotherapy, a musculocutaneous flap, such as rectus abdominis or latissimus dorsi autologous flaps, is required. When microsurgical facilities are available, free or perforator flaps respecting the muscle are preferred to decrease the donor site complications. In situ carcinomas or prophylactic mastectomy can be reconstructed immediately as well as invasive carcinoma according to the recent literature. Locally advanced breast cancer can be reconstructed after complete oncologic treatment. Radiotherapy of the thoracic wall is proposed in case of lymph node metastases, raising the discussion about the technique choice and the timing of the reconstruction. Plastic surgery procedures can improve the cosmetic results of the conservative surgery, also extending its indications and reducing both mastectomy and reexcision rates. Oncoplasty techniques are becoming more and more sophisticated, requiring the skill of trained plastic surgeons. Numerous publications confirm the psychosocial benefit resulting from the breast reconstruction.

Nipple-sparing mastectomy--is it worth the risk?

Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is a surgical protocol designed to reduce the disabling psychological effects of radical or skin-sparing mastectomy. The preservation of the nipple-areola complex produces a more-natural result of the breast reconstruction, but this preservation is suspected of increasing tumor local recurrence. To reduce this risk, different approaches have been proposed: restrict the inclusion criteria and/or add localized radiation therapy. The local recurrence rate in recent series of patients receiving NSM is comparable with the local recurrence rate in modified radical or skin-sparing mastectomies. Today, the quality of the subcutaneous mastectomy technique allows for a more radical glandular removal, especially in the retroareolar area; therefore, local recurrence is observed in 3-6% of patients at 5 years, consistent with traditional mastectomy.

Randomized trial comparing axillary clearance versus no axillary clearance in older patients with breast cancer: first results of International Breast Cancer Study Group Trial 10-93.

PURPOSE: Axillary clearance in early breast cancer aims to improve locoregional control and provide staging information but is associated with undesirable morbidity. We therefore investigated whether avoiding axillary surgery in older women would result in improved quality of life (QL) with similar disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1993 and 2002, women > or = 60 years old with clinically node-negative operable breast cancer in whom adjuvant tamoxifen was considered indicated regardless of pathologic nodal status were randomly assigned to primary surgery plus axillary clearance (Sx + Ax) followed by tamoxifen (Tam) versus Sx without Ax followed by Tam for 5 consecutive years. The primary end point was QL reported by the patient and by physician assessment. RESULTS: A total of 473 patients (234 to Sx + Ax, 239 to Sx) were randomly assigned. The median age was 74 years; 80% had estrogen receptor-positive disease. In both the patients' subjective assessment of their QL and the physicians' perception of the patients' QL, the largest adverse QL effects of Ax were observed from baseline to the first postoperative assessment, but the differences tended to disappear in 6 to 12 months. At a median follow-up of 6.6 years, results for Sx + Ax and Sx yielded similar DFS (6-year DFS, 67% v 66%; hazard ratio [HR] Sx + Ax/Sx, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.42; P = .69) and OS (6-year OS, 75% v 73%; HR Sx + Ax/Sx, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.46; P = .77). CONCLUSION: Avoiding axillary clearance for women > or = 60 years old who have clinically node-negative disease and receive Tam for endocrine-responsive disease yields similar efficacy with better early QL.

Nipple-sparing mastectomy in association with intra operative radiotherapy (ELIOT): A new type of mastectomy for breast cancer treatment.

BACKGROUND: Breast-conserving surgery has become the standard approach for about 80% of patients treated for primary breast cancer in most centres. However, mastectomy is still required in case of multicentric and/or large tumours or where recurrences occur after conservative treatment. When a total mastectomy is performed, the removal of the nipple areola complex (NAC) is a strongly debated issue. In fact, although removal of the NAC greatly increases the patient's sensation of mutilation, and the risk of tumor involvement of the areola is reported as a very variable percentage, NAC excision still remains the standard treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From March 2002 to September 2003, 106 nipple sparing mastectomies (NSM) were peformed in 102 patients, 63% of whom had invasive carcinoma and 37% of whom had in situ carcinoma. Four patients underwent bilateral surgery. In all cases, a large or multicentric tumour and/or diffuse microcalcifications, clinically distant from the NAC, were present. During surgery, the tissue under the areola was routinely sampled to exclude the presence of tumor. If disease-free at the frozen sections, the NAC was spared and a NSM was performed. Additionally, a total dose of 16 Gy of radiotherapy (ELIOT) was delivered intraoperatively in the region of the NAC. All the patients underwent an immediate plastic breast reconstruction. RESULTS: In eleven patients (10.4%), the breast tissue under the areola resulted infiltrated at the definitive histological examination: in 10 cases a single or multiple foci of in situ carcinoma and in one case an invasive component were present. Eleven patients (10.4%) developed a superficial skin areolar slough followed by spontaneous healing, and 5 patients (4.7%) lost their NAC due to total necrosis. Among these, one patient had a poor cosmetic result on the NAC with asymmetrical location and required further surgical removal and reconstruction with tattoo and local flap in a better position. When rating the results from 0 (bad) to 10 (excellent), on average, the colour of the areola was rated 9/10, the sensitivity of nipple 3/10, the overall aesthetic result was rated 8/10 by both the surgeon and the patients. Early radiodystrophy (pigmentation) was observed in eight cases (7.5%). After an average follow up of 13 months, one local recurrence, located under the clavicula, far from the NAC, was observed. The preliminary results of the psychological study show a very high satisfaction with the preservation of the nipple (97.6 %), with younger women expressing a higher satisfaction than older counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: In selected cases, NSM with ELIOT of NAC has so far permitted good local control of the disease and satisfactory cosmetic results. Wider surgical experience is required to minimise the risk of leaving tumor cells in the region of the spared NAC and a longer follow up is necessary to evaluate the long term tumor recurrence rate at the NAC.

The nipple-sparing mastectomy: early results of a feasibility study of a new application of perioperative radiotherapy (ELIOT) in the treatment of breast cancer when mastectomy is indicated.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer surgery has become less and less mutilating, however a mastectomy is required in the case of multicentric, large tumors or recurrences after conservative treatment. The removal of the nipple areola complex during the mastectomy dramatically increases the feeling of mutilation. To reduce this negative psychological impact, in cancers located outside of the central area of the breast, we propose a new type of nipple-sparing mastectomy associated with intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy (ELIOT) delivered on the region of the areola. The nipple-sparing mastectomy is performed leaving 5 mm of glandular tissue behind the nipple areola complex to preserve its blood supply. The reconstruction is immediately performed with a prosthesis or an autologous flap. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients were included in the study; two of them had a bilateral nipple-sparing mastectomy. RESULTS: Pathological examinations demonstrated the presence of 19 infiltrating carcinomas and 8 ductal carcinoma in situ. Two patients had a superficial skin areolar slough followed by spontaneous healing. One necrosis of the areola occurred due to extensive retroareolar dissection. In the early follow-up, the color of the areola was preserved. All patients except one expressed their satisfaction of having kept their areola. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results are encouraging but they require further studies to evaluate the long-term results, the local recurrence rate and the psychological impact.